Development and validation of the questionnaire "Spiritual Needs in Palliative Care" in Finnish
Goyarrola, Raimo; Lamminmaki, Annamarja; Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria; Rahko, Eeva; Tyynela-Korhonen, Kristiina; Rajala, Kaisa; Huhtala, Mira; Miinalainen, Sofia; Poyhia, Reino (2026-04-07)
Cambridge University Press
07.04.2026
Goyarrola R, Lamminmäki A, Saarelainen S-M, et al. Development and validation of the questionnaire “Spiritual Needs in Palliative Care” in Finnish. Palliative and Supportive Care. 2026;24:e98. doi:10.1017/S1478951526102168
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202604132579
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202604132579
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Objectives:
Spiritual care is a core element of palliative care, addressing religious, spiritual and existential concerns and enhancing quality of life. In Finland, systematic assessment of patients’ spiritual needs is limited due to the lack of a validated instrument. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate the Spiritual Needs in Palliative Care (SNPC) questionnaire for Finnish palliative care patients.
Methods:
A prospective, multi-phase validation study, included item generation, expert review, pilot testing, and psychometric evaluation. Content and construct validity, as internal consistency and Cronbach’s alpha values were assessed using explorative factor analysis (EFA). For convergent and divergent, validity Pearson’s correlations were calculated for Edmonton Symptom Scale (ESAS), WHO Performance Status Scale, and the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-SWB32).
Results:
The SNPC included 28 items covering existential, emotional, religious, and spiritual distress domains, with sections for importance and fulfillment of each need. A total of 116 patients (mean age 71 years; 61.2% female; 88.8% with cancer)), were recruited from 10 oncology and palliative care units across Finland. EFA supported an 8-factor structure – Communication and Preparation for Death; Meaning and Continuity; Emotional and Inner Peace; Artistic and Quiet Comfort; Religious Needs; Ritual Participation; Freedom from Guilt and Shame; Fear and Survival – explaining 71% of variance, with good reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.63–0.93). The most important needs were safety in care, peace of mind, and participation in care decisions, while religious rituals and visits by clergy were less important. Significant gaps emerged between perceived importance and fulfilment of needs, regarding being heard, hope, peace, and the presence of loved ones. Fulfilled spiritual needs correlated well with SWB32 but not with ESAS.
Significance of results:
The SNPC is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the spiritual needs of Finnish palliative care patients. It could support systematic identification of unmet spiritual needs of palliative care patients.
Objectives:
Spiritual care is a core element of palliative care, addressing religious, spiritual and existential concerns and enhancing quality of life. In Finland, systematic assessment of patients’ spiritual needs is limited due to the lack of a validated instrument. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate the Spiritual Needs in Palliative Care (SNPC) questionnaire for Finnish palliative care patients.
Methods:
A prospective, multi-phase validation study, included item generation, expert review, pilot testing, and psychometric evaluation. Content and construct validity, as internal consistency and Cronbach’s alpha values were assessed using explorative factor analysis (EFA). For convergent and divergent, validity Pearson’s correlations were calculated for Edmonton Symptom Scale (ESAS), WHO Performance Status Scale, and the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-SWB32).
Results:
The SNPC included 28 items covering existential, emotional, religious, and spiritual distress domains, with sections for importance and fulfillment of each need. A total of 116 patients (mean age 71 years; 61.2% female; 88.8% with cancer)), were recruited from 10 oncology and palliative care units across Finland. EFA supported an 8-factor structure – Communication and Preparation for Death; Meaning and Continuity; Emotional and Inner Peace; Artistic and Quiet Comfort; Religious Needs; Ritual Participation; Freedom from Guilt and Shame; Fear and Survival – explaining 71% of variance, with good reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.63–0.93). The most important needs were safety in care, peace of mind, and participation in care decisions, while religious rituals and visits by clergy were less important. Significant gaps emerged between perceived importance and fulfilment of needs, regarding being heard, hope, peace, and the presence of loved ones. Fulfilled spiritual needs correlated well with SWB32 but not with ESAS.
Significance of results:
The SNPC is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the spiritual needs of Finnish palliative care patients. It could support systematic identification of unmet spiritual needs of palliative care patients.
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