Deadly tensions: the enduring impact of ethnic and religious diversity on lethal violence in the united States 1945-2023
Amin, Saqib (2025-10-28)
Springer
28.10.2025
Amin, S. Deadly tensions: the enduring impact of ethnic and religious diversity on lethal violence in the united States 1945–2023. Crime Law Soc Change 83, 51 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-025-10233-6
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© The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202602041588
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202602041588
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
This study investigates the long-term relationship between ethnic and religious diversity, democratic performance, and lethal violence in the United States from 1945 to 2023. This study is particularly important in the context of the United States, where growing diversity shapes the nation’s social and political dynamics. Lethal violence is defined as the combined total of suicides and homicides. Using the bound testing approach and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the analysis reveals a significant positive association between increased ethnic and religious diversity and higher levels of lethal violence, with this relationship holding for both suicides and homicides. In contrast, stronger democratic performance is found to have a significant negative relationship with lethal violence. These findings suggest that while diversity may pose challenges to social cohesion, the strength of democratic institutions can play a crucial role in mitigating its potential for violence. The study highlights the critical importance of democratic governance in promoting social stability within increasingly diverse societies.
This study investigates the long-term relationship between ethnic and religious diversity, democratic performance, and lethal violence in the United States from 1945 to 2023. This study is particularly important in the context of the United States, where growing diversity shapes the nation’s social and political dynamics. Lethal violence is defined as the combined total of suicides and homicides. Using the bound testing approach and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the analysis reveals a significant positive association between increased ethnic and religious diversity and higher levels of lethal violence, with this relationship holding for both suicides and homicides. In contrast, stronger democratic performance is found to have a significant negative relationship with lethal violence. These findings suggest that while diversity may pose challenges to social cohesion, the strength of democratic institutions can play a crucial role in mitigating its potential for violence. The study highlights the critical importance of democratic governance in promoting social stability within increasingly diverse societies.
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