Signatures of Polar Vortex Weakening in the MLTI: A Review
Harvey, V. L.; Aggarwal, D.; Becker, E.; Bittner, M.; Funke, B.; Goncharenko, L.; Jia, J.; Lieberman, R.; Liu, H. L.; Maliniemi, V.; Marchaudon, A.; Nesse, H.; Partamies, N.; Pedatella, N.; Schmidt, C.; Shi, G.; Stephan, C. C.; Stober, G.; van Caspel, W.; Wüst, S.; Yamazaki, Y. (2025-08-14)
Springer
14.08.2025
Harvey, V.L., Aggarwal, D., Becker, E. et al. Signatures of Polar Vortex Weakening in the MLTI: A Review. Surv Geophys (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09899-3
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© The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202508255638
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202508255638
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
This paper is a collaborative effort that originated at the International Space Science Institute Workshop on “Physical links between Weather and Climate in Space and the Lower Atmosphere” held 22–26 January 2024. Many scientists attended that workshop and contributed their expertise related to polar vortex impacts on upper atmosphere variability. This paper summarizes well-known and newly reported signatures of polar vortex weakening on mesosphere–lower-thermosphere (MLT) temperature, winds, composition, planetary waves, gravity waves, tides, and ionospheric foF2. A variety of observational and modeling results are shown and are consistent with previously published variations in the dynamical and chemical state of the MLT and ionosphere during weak vortex events. We present Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) of upper atmosphere diagnostics and phenomena where day 0 is the onset of major SSWs. We also present SEAs where day 0 is the onset of stratopause warmings followed by elevated stratopause events. Our goal in performing two SEAs is to test the sensitivity of 10 hPa versus 1 hPa winds to predict upper atmosphere variability. Results suggest that zonal winds and the semidiurnal migrating solar tide (SW2) in the MLT are more sensitive to zonal wind reversals at 1 hPa rather than 10 hPa. Alternatively, the non-migrating DW2 tide in the equatorial upper mesosphere is best predicted by planetary wave-1 amplitudes in the winter high-latitude upper stratosphere rather than zonal wind reversals. A notable aspect of both SEAs is extremely large event-to-event variability in all diagnostics. Thus, conclusions drawn based on any one event are less robust than those based on many events.
This paper is a collaborative effort that originated at the International Space Science Institute Workshop on “Physical links between Weather and Climate in Space and the Lower Atmosphere” held 22–26 January 2024. Many scientists attended that workshop and contributed their expertise related to polar vortex impacts on upper atmosphere variability. This paper summarizes well-known and newly reported signatures of polar vortex weakening on mesosphere–lower-thermosphere (MLT) temperature, winds, composition, planetary waves, gravity waves, tides, and ionospheric foF2. A variety of observational and modeling results are shown and are consistent with previously published variations in the dynamical and chemical state of the MLT and ionosphere during weak vortex events. We present Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) of upper atmosphere diagnostics and phenomena where day 0 is the onset of major SSWs. We also present SEAs where day 0 is the onset of stratopause warmings followed by elevated stratopause events. Our goal in performing two SEAs is to test the sensitivity of 10 hPa versus 1 hPa winds to predict upper atmosphere variability. Results suggest that zonal winds and the semidiurnal migrating solar tide (SW2) in the MLT are more sensitive to zonal wind reversals at 1 hPa rather than 10 hPa. Alternatively, the non-migrating DW2 tide in the equatorial upper mesosphere is best predicted by planetary wave-1 amplitudes in the winter high-latitude upper stratosphere rather than zonal wind reversals. A notable aspect of both SEAs is extremely large event-to-event variability in all diagnostics. Thus, conclusions drawn based on any one event are less robust than those based on many events.
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