Influence of Hydrogen Fuel Mixtures on the Oxide Scale Formation of Low-Carbon Steels in Reheating Furnace Conditions
Gyakwaa, Francis; Airaksinen, Susanna; Visuri, Ville-Valtteri; Heikkilä, Anne; Fabritius, Timo (2025-06-23)
Wiley-VCH Verlag
23.06.2025
Gyakwaa, F., Airaksinen, S., Visuri, V.-V., Heikkilä, A. and Fabritius, T. (2025), Influence of Hydrogen Fuel Mixtures on the Oxide Scale Formation of Low-Carbon Steels in Reheating Furnace Conditions. steel research int. 2500248. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500248
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© 2025 The Author(s). Steel Research International published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© 2025 The Author(s). Steel Research International published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202506305026
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202506305026
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
The introduction of hydrogen is considered pivotal in replacing natural gas in reheating furnaces and decarbonizing the steel industry. Substituting natural gas with hydrogen as fuel will change the composition of the furnace atmosphere and may influence the scale formed on the steel surface. The study examines oxide scale formation rates of two low-carbon steels by simulating combustion atmospheres representing five fuels: natural gas (100% CH4), hydrogen (100% H2), and three CH4–H2 fuel blends (75% CH4%–25% H2, 50% CH4%–50% H2%, and 25% CH4%–75% H2) with varying free oxygen contents. Thermogravimetric analysis and characterization techniques are used to investigate oxidation behavior and the formation of oxide phases. The amount of scale formed for a fuel blend from 100% CH4 to 100% H2 shows moderate scale growth and no noticeable evolution changes in oxide phases compared with natural gas in simulated reheating conditions. Higher concentrations of free oxygen exhibit an increase in the oxide scale formed on the steel surface. Metallographic analysis shows that an atmosphere corresponding to 100% H2 has an increased oxide scale thickness compared with 100% CH4. Iron oxide phases, mainly magnetite and wustite, are identified in the samples using various characterization techniques.
The introduction of hydrogen is considered pivotal in replacing natural gas in reheating furnaces and decarbonizing the steel industry. Substituting natural gas with hydrogen as fuel will change the composition of the furnace atmosphere and may influence the scale formed on the steel surface. The study examines oxide scale formation rates of two low-carbon steels by simulating combustion atmospheres representing five fuels: natural gas (100% CH4), hydrogen (100% H2), and three CH4–H2 fuel blends (75% CH4%–25% H2, 50% CH4%–50% H2%, and 25% CH4%–75% H2) with varying free oxygen contents. Thermogravimetric analysis and characterization techniques are used to investigate oxidation behavior and the formation of oxide phases. The amount of scale formed for a fuel blend from 100% CH4 to 100% H2 shows moderate scale growth and no noticeable evolution changes in oxide phases compared with natural gas in simulated reheating conditions. Higher concentrations of free oxygen exhibit an increase in the oxide scale formed on the steel surface. Metallographic analysis shows that an atmosphere corresponding to 100% H2 has an increased oxide scale thickness compared with 100% CH4. Iron oxide phases, mainly magnetite and wustite, are identified in the samples using various characterization techniques.
Kokoelmat
- Avoin saatavuus [38865]
Ellei muuten mainita, aineiston lisenssi on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/