Camouflaging in adult autism and its effects on wellbeing

Abstract

In this systematic review it is examined how camouflaging impacts the wellbeing of autistic adults, particularly with a focus on mental health, quality of life and self-esteem. Camouflaging is explicit or implicit behavior that hides autistic characteristics, and has been theorized as the explanation for the high prevalence of diagnosed autistic men compared to autistic women. However, it is possible that camouflaging may delay the diagnosis of all adults, regardless of gender. Additionally, studies have found camouflaging to have negative impacts on mental health. To improve the wellbeing of autistic adults, it is critical to understand camouflaging further.

EBSCOHost and Oula-Finna international e-databases were utilized for the collection of relevant studies. In total 15 studies are examined in accordance to three themes: which populations are more likely to camouflage, what motivators are behind camouflaging and finally the consequences of camouflaging. Key findings include the negative impacts of camouflaging on mental health, identity development and authenticity in relationships as well as exhaustion. Additionally, those with higher scores on autism measures such as the AQ-10 were found to camouflage to a greater extent, similarly women and those diagnosed at a later age appeared to camouflage more. Camouflaging reasons were found to be largely social, with autistic adults camouflaging to gain acceptance and to foster friendships. However, it was also discovered that previous discrimination and fear of harm may influence current camouflaging behavior.

Camouflaging appears to have many negative consequences for the wellbeing of autistic adults, and lessened camouflaging was found to lead to positive experiences. Inclusive environments, encouraging diverse communication styles and acceptance of differences are crucial for bettering the health of autistic adults. Camouflaging is important to recognize to minimize its negative effects and to ensure undiagnosed autistic adults receive a diagnosis that is critical for their wellbeing. However, awareness of camouflaging should be increased in ways that autistic adults find comfortable and respectful.