Effect of Furnace Parameters on Optical Emission Spectra of Hematite Reduction by Hydrogen Plasma
Putaala, Henna-Riikka; Pauna, Henri; Javed, Areej; Manzoor, Ubaid; Klapproth, Dennis; Souza Filho, Isnaldi R.; Visuri, Ville-Valtteri; Ganguly, Anumoy; Huttula, Marko; Fabritius, Timo; Raabe, Dierk (2025-04-28)
Springer
28.04.2025
Putaala, HR., Pauna, H., Javed, A. et al. Effect of Furnace Parameters on Optical Emission Spectra of Hematite Reduction by Hydrogen Plasma. Metall Mater Trans B (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03552-5
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202504292979
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202504292979
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) has been envisaged as a potential CO2-lean process for ore-based steelmaking, combining the reduction, melting and refining steps into a single unit process. However, scaling the process to industrial use still requires some work. In previous studies, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) has been suggested as a potential process monitoring method for HPSR. The present study investigates the effect of furnace parameters, such as the arc length and current, on the optical emissions of the hematite reduction by HPSR. To understand the effect of slag components, a few experiments were also conducted with fluxed hematite. It was found that the optical emissions of non-ionized elements are more intense at lower currents than at higher currents due to a lower level of ionization. The electron density calculated from the optical emissions could be used to estimate the arc length if the arc cannot be directly observed. It was also noted that the optical emissions of the slag components are very distinct in fluxed hematite experiments, which is of interest for potential industrial applications. Finally, the positioning of the optical fiber in relation to the plasma was found to be crucial for the successful monitoring of the experiments.
Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) has been envisaged as a potential CO2-lean process for ore-based steelmaking, combining the reduction, melting and refining steps into a single unit process. However, scaling the process to industrial use still requires some work. In previous studies, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) has been suggested as a potential process monitoring method for HPSR. The present study investigates the effect of furnace parameters, such as the arc length and current, on the optical emissions of the hematite reduction by HPSR. To understand the effect of slag components, a few experiments were also conducted with fluxed hematite. It was found that the optical emissions of non-ionized elements are more intense at lower currents than at higher currents due to a lower level of ionization. The electron density calculated from the optical emissions could be used to estimate the arc length if the arc cannot be directly observed. It was also noted that the optical emissions of the slag components are very distinct in fluxed hematite experiments, which is of interest for potential industrial applications. Finally, the positioning of the optical fiber in relation to the plasma was found to be crucial for the successful monitoring of the experiments.
Kokoelmat
- Avoin saatavuus [37695]
Ellei muuten mainita, aineiston lisenssi on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/