The time evolution of the low-energy deuteron fluxes measured in Cosmic Rays with the PAMELA experiment from the 23rd solar minimum to the 24th solar maximum
Lenni, A.; Boezio, M.; Munini, R.; Menn, W.; Marcelli, N.; Ngobeni, M. D.; Ndiitwani, D. C.; Ramokgaba, I. I.; Potgieter, M. S.; Adriani, O.; Barbarino, G. C.; Bazilevskaya, G. A.; Bellotti, R.; Bogomolov, E. A.; Bongi, M.; Bonvicini, V.; Bruno, A.; Cafagna, F.; Campana, D.; Carlson, P.; Casolino, M.; Castellini, G.; De Santis, C.; Galper, A. M.; Koldashov, S. V.; Koldobskiy, S.; Kvashnin, A. N.; Leonov, A. A.; Malakhov, V. V.; Marcelli, L.; Martucci, M.; Mayorov, A. G.; Merge, M.; Mocchiutti, E.; Monaco, A.; Mori, N.; Mikhailov, V. V.; Osteria, G.; Panico, B.; Palma, F.; Papini, P.; Picozza, P.; Ricci, M.; Ricciarini, S. B.; Simon, M.; Sotgiu, A.; Sparvoli, R.; Spillantini, P.; Stozhkov, Y. I.; Vacchi, A.; Vannuccini, E.; Voronov, S. A.; Yurkin, Y. T.; Zampa, G.; Zampa, N. (2025-02-07)
A. Lenni, M. Boezio, R. Munini, W. Menn, N. Marcelli, M.D. Ngobeni, D.C. Ndiitwani, I.I. Ramokgaba, M.S. Potgieter, O. Adriani, G.C. Barbarino, G.A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, E.A. Bogomolov, M. Bongi, V. Bonvicini, A. Bruno, F. Cafagna, D. Campana, P. Carlson, M. Casolino, G. Castellini, C. De Santis, A.M. Galper, S.V. Koldashov, S. Koldobskiy, A.N. Kvashnin, A.A. Leonov, V.V. Malakhov, L. Marcelli, M. Martucci, A.G. Mayorov, M. Mergè, E. Mocchiutti, A. Monaco, N. Mori, V.V. Mikhailov, G. Osteria, B. Panico, F. Palma, P. Papini, P. Picozza, M. Ricci, S.B. Ricciarini, M. Simon, A. Sotgiu, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, Y.I. Stozhkov, A. Vacchi, E. Vannuccini, S.A. Voronov, Y.T. Yurkin, G. Zampa, N. Zampa, The time evolution of the low-energy deuteron fluxes measured in Cosmic Rays with the PAMELA experiment from the 23rd solar minimum to the 24th solar maximum, Astroparticle Physics, Volume 168, 2025, 103089, ISSN 0927-6505, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2025.103089
© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202504172760
Tiivistelmä
The space-borne PAMELA experiment was launched on the 15th of June 2006 on board the Russian satellite Resurs-DK1 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The PAMELA instrument performed high-precision measurements of cosmic rays over a wide energy range until January 2016.
We present the yearly average deuteron spectra for the 23rd solar minimum (July 2006 – January 2009) and the first part of the 24th solar maximum (until September 2014). The deuterons were selected with a rigidity between 0.75 and 2.6 GV by combining the Time of Flight (ToF) and the tracker systems. The measured spectra display a rising trend toward the solar minimum followed by a decreasing trend as the solar maximum approaches. The corresponding deuteron-to-proton flux ratios show time dependence at the lowest rigidities, as expected due to the different charge-to-mass ratios and the different shapes of the respective local interstellar spectra. These results are significant for the fine-tuning of propagation and modulation models of cosmic rays through the heliosphere.
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