Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnant W44 as probed by Fermi-LAT and MAGIC

Abe, S.; Abhir, J.; Abhishek, A.; Acciari, V. A.; Aguasca-Cabot, A.; Agudo, I.; Aniello, T.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Engels, A. Arbet; Arcaro, C.; Asano, K.; Babic, A.; Baquero, A.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Batkovic, I.; Bautista, A.; Baxter, J.; Becerra Gonzalez, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bernardini, E.; Bernete, J.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bosnjak, Z.; Bronzini, E.; Burelli, I.; Busetto, G.; Campoy-Ordaz, A.; Carosi, A.; Carosi, R.; Carretero-Castrillo, M.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Cerasole, D.; Ceribella, G.; Chai, Y.; Chilingarian, A.; Cifuentes, A.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D'Amico, G.; D'Elia, V.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; de Menezes, R.; Del Popolo, A.; Delfino, M.; Delgado, J.; Delgado Mendez, C.; Di Pierro, F.; Prester, D. Dominis; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Elsaesser, D.; Emery, G.; Escudero, J.; Farina, L.; Fattorini, A.; Foffano, L.; Font, L.; Froese, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; Garcia Lopez, R. J.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Giesbrecht Paiva, J. G.; Giglietto, N.; Gliwny, P.; Godinovic, N.; Gozzini, S. R.; Gradetzke, T.; Grau, R.; Green, J. G.; Guenther, P.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Hassan, T.; Heckmann, L.; Herrera, J.; Hrupec, D.; Hutten, M.; Imazawa, R.; Ishio, K.; Jimenez Martinez, I.; Jormanainen, J.; Kayanoki, T.; Kerszberg, D.; Kluge, G. W.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kouch, P. M.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lainez, M.; Lamastra, A.; Leone, F.; Lindfors, E.; Linhoff, L.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; Lopez-Coto, R.; Lopez-Moya, M.; Lopez-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; Lorini, A.; Lyard, E.; Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Maneva, G.; Mang, N.; Manganaro, M.; Mangano, S.; Mannheim, K.; Mariotti, M.; Martinez, M.; Martinez-Chicharro, M.; Mas-Aguilar, A.; Mazin, D.; Menchiari, S.; Mender, S.; Miceli, D.; Miener, T.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Molero Gonzalez, M.; Molina, E.; Mondal, H. A.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Nakamori, T.; Nanci, C.; Nava, L.; Neustroev, V.; Nickel, L.; Nievas Rosillo, M.; Nigro, C.; Nikolic, L.; Nishijima, K.; Njoh Ekoume, T.; Noda, K.; Nozaki, S.; Ohtani, Y.; Okumura, A.; Otero-Santos, J.; Paiano, S.; Palatiello, M.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J. M.; Peresano, M.; Persic, M.; Pihet, M.; Pirola, G.; Podobnik, F.; Moroni, P. G. Prada; Prandini, E.; Principe, G.; Priyadarshi, C.; Rhode, W.; Ribo, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Satalecka, K.; Saturni, F. G.; Schleicher, B.; Schmidt, K.; Schmuckermaier, F.; Schubert, J. L.; Schweizer, T.; Sciaccaluga, A.; Silvestri, G.; Sitarek, J.; Sliusar, V.; Sobczynska, D.; Spolon, A.; Stamerra, A.; Striskovic, J.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Suutarinen, S.; Tajima, H.; Takahashi, M.; Takeishi, R.; Temnikov, P.; Terauchi, K.; Terzic, T.; Teshima, M.; Truzzi, S.; Tutone, A.; Ubach, S.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Ventura, S.; Viale, I.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vitale, V.; Vovk, I.; Walter, R.; Will, M.; Wunderlich, C.; Yamamoto, T.; Di Tria, R.; Di Venere, L.; Giordano, F.; Bissaldi, E.; Green, D.; Morlino, G. (2025-01-23)
 
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URL:
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449748

Abe, S.
Abhir, J.
Abhishek, A.
Acciari, V. A.
Aguasca-Cabot, A.
Agudo, I.
Aniello, T.
Ansoldi, S.
Antonelli, L. A.
Engels, A. Arbet
Arcaro, C.
Asano, K.
Babic, A.
Baquero, A.
Barres de Almeida, U.
Barrio, J. A.
Batkovic, I.
Bautista, A.
Baxter, J.
Becerra Gonzalez, J.
Bednarek, W.
Bernardini, E.
Bernete, J.
Berti, A.
Besenrieder, J.
Bigongiari, C.
Biland, A.
Blanch, O.
Bonnoli, G.
Bosnjak, Z.
Bronzini, E.
Burelli, I.
Busetto, G.
Campoy-Ordaz, A.
Carosi, A.
Carosi, R.
Carretero-Castrillo, M.
Castro-Tirado, A. J.
Cerasole, D.
Ceribella, G.
Chai, Y.
Chilingarian, A.
Cifuentes, A.
Colombo, E.
Contreras, J. L.
Cortina, J.
Covino, S.
D'Amico, G.
D'Elia, V.
Da Vela, P.
Dazzi, F.
De Angelis, A.
De Lotto, B.
de Menezes, R.
Del Popolo, A.
Delfino, M.
Delgado, J.
Delgado Mendez, C.
Di Pierro, F.
Prester, D. Dominis
Donini, A.
Dorner, D.
Doro, M.
Elsaesser, D.
Emery, G.
Escudero, J.
Farina, L.
Fattorini, A.
Foffano, L.
Font, L.
Froese, S.
Fukazawa, Y.
Garcia Lopez, R. J.
Garczarczyk, M.
Gasparyan, S.
Gaug, M.
Giesbrecht Paiva, J. G.
Giglietto, N.
Gliwny, P.
Godinovic, N.
Gozzini, S. R.
Gradetzke, T.
Grau, R.
Green, J. G.
Guenther, P.
Hadasch, D.
Hahn, A.
Hassan, T.
Heckmann, L.
Herrera, J.
Hrupec, D.
Hutten, M.
Imazawa, R.
Ishio, K.
Jimenez Martinez, I.
Jormanainen, J.
Kayanoki, T.
Kerszberg, D.
Kluge, G. W.
Kobayashi, Y.
Kouch, P. M.
Kubo, H.
Kushida, J.
Lainez, M.
Lamastra, A.
Leone, F.
Lindfors, E.
Linhoff, L.
Lombardi, S.
Longo, F.
Lopez-Coto, R.
Lopez-Moya, M.
Lopez-Oramas, A.
Loporchio, S.
Lorini, A.
Lyard, E.
Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.
Majumdar, P.
Makariev, M.
Maneva, G.
Mang, N.
Manganaro, M.
Mangano, S.
Mannheim, K.
Mariotti, M.
Martinez, M.
Martinez-Chicharro, M.
Mas-Aguilar, A.
Mazin, D.
Menchiari, S.
Mender, S.
Miceli, D.
Miener, T.
Miranda, J. M.
Mirzoyan, R.
Molero Gonzalez, M.
Molina, E.
Mondal, H. A.
Moralejo, A.
Morcuende, D.
Nakamori, T.
Nanci, C.
Nava, L.
Neustroev, V.
Nickel, L.
Nievas Rosillo, M.
Nigro, C.
Nikolic, L.
Nishijima, K.
Njoh Ekoume, T.
Noda, K.
Nozaki, S.
Ohtani, Y.
Okumura, A.
Otero-Santos, J.
Paiano, S.
Palatiello, M.
Paneque, D.
Paoletti, R.
Paredes, J. M.
Peresano, M.
Persic, M.
Pihet, M.
Pirola, G.
Podobnik, F.
Moroni, P. G. Prada
Prandini, E.
Principe, G.
Priyadarshi, C.
Rhode, W.
Ribo, M.
Rico, J.
Righi, C.
Sahakyan, N.
Saito, T.
Satalecka, K.
Saturni, F. G.
Schleicher, B.
Schmidt, K.
Schmuckermaier, F.
Schubert, J. L.
Schweizer, T.
Sciaccaluga, A.
Silvestri, G.
Sitarek, J.
Sliusar, V.
Sobczynska, D.
Spolon, A.
Stamerra, A.
Striskovic, J.
Strom, D.
Strzys, M.
Suda, Y.
Suutarinen, S.
Tajima, H.
Takahashi, M.
Takeishi, R.
Temnikov, P.
Terauchi, K.
Terzic, T.
Teshima, M.
Truzzi, S.
Tutone, A.
Ubach, S.
van Scherpenberg, J.
Vazquez Acosta, M.
Ventura, S.
Viale, I.
Vigorito, C. F.
Vitale, V.
Vovk, I.
Walter, R.
Will, M.
Wunderlich, C.
Yamamoto, T.
Di Tria, R.
Di Venere, L.
Giordano, F.
Bissaldi, E.
Green, D.
Morlino, G.
EDP sciences
23.01.2025

Abe, S., Abhir, J., Abhishek, A., Acciari, V. A., Aguasca-Cabot, A., Agudo, I., Aniello, T., Ansoldi, S., Antonelli, L. A., Arbet Engels, A., Arcaro, C., Asano, K., Babić, A., Baquero, A., Barres De Almeida, U., Barrio, J. A., Batković, I., Bautista, A., Baxter, J., … Morlino, G. (2025). Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnant W44 as probed by Fermi -LAT and MAGIC. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 693, A255. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449748.

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© The Authors 2025. Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article is published in open access under the Subscribe to Open model. Subscribe to A&A to support open access publication.
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doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449748
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Abstract

Context.
The supernova remnant (SNR) W44 and its surroundings are a prime target for studying the acceleration of cosmic rays (CRs). Several previous studies established an extended gamma-ray emission that is set apart from the radio shell of W44. This emission is thought to originate from escaped high-energy CRs that interact with a surrounding dense molecular cloud complex.

Aims.
We present a detailed analysis of Fermi-LAT data with an emphasis on the spatial and spectral properties of W44 and its surroundings. We also report the results of the observations performed with the MAGIC telescopes of the northwestern region of W44. Finally, we present an interpretation model to explain the gamma-ray emission of the SNR and its surroundings.

Methods.
We first performed a detailed spatial analysis of 12 years of Fermi-LAT data at energies above 1 GeV, in order to exploit the better angular resolution, while we set a threshold of 100 MeV for the spectral analysis. We performed a likelihood analysis of 174 hours of MAGIC data above 130 GeV using the spatial information obtained with Fermi-LAT.

Results.
The combined spectra of Fermi-LAT and MAGIC, extending from 100 MeV to several TeV, were used to derive constraints on the escape of CRs. Using a time-dependent model to describe the particle acceleration and escape from the SNR, we show that the maximum energy of the accelerated particles has to be ≃40 GeV. However, our gamma-ray data suggest that a small number of lower-energy particles also needs to escape. We propose a novel model, the broken-shock scenario, to account for this effect and explain the gamma-ray emission.
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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