Antiprotons and Elementary Particles over a Solar Cycle: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

Aguilar, M; Ambrosi, G; Anderson, H; Arruda, L; Attig, N; Bagwell, C; Barao, F; Barbanera, M; Barrin, L; Bartoloni, A; Battiston, R; Bayyari, A; Belyaev, N; Bertucci, B; Bindi, V; Bollweg, K; Bolster, J; Borchiellini, M; Borgia, B; Boschini, M J; Bourquin, M; Brugnoni, C; Burger, J; Burger, W J; Cai, X D; Capell, M; Casaus, J; Castellini, G; Cervelli, F; Chang, Y H; Chen, G M; Chen, G R; Chen, H; Chen, H S; Chen, Y; Cheng, L; Chou, H Y; Chouridou, S; Choutko, V; Chung, C H; Clark, C; Coignet, G; Consolandi, C; Contin, A; Corti, C; Cui, Z; Dadzie, K; D'Angelo, F; Dass, A; Delgado, C; Della Torre, S; Demirköz, M B; Derome, L; Di Falco, S; Di Felice, V; Díaz, C; Dimiccoli, F; von Doetinchem, P; Dong, F; Duranti, M; Egorov, A; Eline, A; Faldi, F; Fehr, D; Feng, J; Fiandrini, E; Fisher, P; Formato, V; García-López, R J; Gargiulo, C; Gast, H; Gervasi, M; Giovacchini, F; Gómez-Coral, D M; Gong, J; Grandi, D; Graziani, M; Haino, S; Han, K C; Hashmani, R K; He, Z H; Heber, B; Hernández-Nicolás, F; Hsieh, T H; Hu, J Y; Huang, B W; Ionica, M; Incagli, M; Jia, Yi; Jinchi, H; Karagöz, G; Kirn, Th; Klipfel, A P; Kounina, O; Kounine, A; Koutsenko, V; Krasnopevtsev, D; Kuhlman, A; Kulemzin, A; La Vacca, G; Laudi, E; Laurenti, G; LaVecchia, G; Lazzizzera, I; Lee, H T; Lee, S C; Li, H L; Li, J H; Li, J Q; Li, M; Li, M; Li, Q; Li, Q; Li, Q Y; Li, S; Li, S L; Li, Z H; Liang, M J; Liao, P; Lin, C H; Lippert, T; Liu, J H; Liu, P C; Lu, S Q; Lu, Y S; Luo, J Z; Luo, Q; Luo, S D; Luo, Xi; Mañá, C; Marín, J; Marquardt, J; Martínez, G; Masi, N; Maurin, D; Medvedeva, T; Menchaca-Rocha, A; Meng, Q; Mikhailov, V V; Molero, M; Mott, P; Mussolin, L; Jozani, Y Najafi; Nicolaidis, R; Nikonov, N; Nozzoli, F; Ocampo-Peleteiro, J; Oliva, A; Orcinha, M; Palmonari, F; Paniccia, M; Pashnin, A; Pauluzzi, M; Pelosi, D; Pensotti, S; Pietzcker, P; Plyaskin, V; Poluianov, S; Pridöhl, D; Qu, Z Y; Quadrani, L; Rancoita, P G; Rapin, D; Conde, A Reina; Robyn, E; Rodríguez-García, I; Romaneehsen, L; Rossi, F; Rozhkov, A; Rozza, D; Sagdeev, R; Schael, S; von Dratzig, A Schultz; Schwering, G; Seo, E S; Shan, B S; Shukla, A; Siedenburg, T; Silvestre, G; Song, J W; Song, X J; Sonnabend, R; Strigari, L; Su, T; Sun, Q; Sun, Z T; Tabarroni, L; Tacconi, M; Tang, Z C; Tian, J; Tian, Y; Ting, Samuel C C; Ting, S M; Tomassetti, N; Torsti, J; Ubaldi, A; Urban, T; Usoskin, I; Vagelli, V; Vainio, R; Väisänen, P; Valencia-Otero, M; Valente, E; Valtonen, E; Acosta, M Vázquez; Vecchi, M; Velasco, M; Wang, C X; Wang, J C; Wang, L; Wang, L Q; Wang, N H; Wang, Q L; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Z M; Wei, J; Weng, Z L; Wu, H; Wu, Y; Wu, Z B; Xiao, J N; Xiong, R Q; Xiong, X Z; Xu, W; Yan, Q; Yang, H T; Yang, Y; Yi, H; You, Y H; Yu, Y M; Yu, Z Q; Zhang, C; Zhang, F Z; Zhang, J; Zhang, J H; Zhang, Z; Zhao, P W; Zheng, C; Zheng, Z M; Zhuang, H L; Zhukov, V; Zichichi, A; Zuberi, M; Zuccon, P (2025-02-03)
 
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URL:
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.051002

Aguilar, M
Ambrosi, G
Anderson, H
Arruda, L
Attig, N
Bagwell, C
Barao, F
Barbanera, M
Barrin, L
Bartoloni, A
Battiston, R
Bayyari, A
Belyaev, N
Bertucci, B
Bindi, V
Bollweg, K
Bolster, J
Borchiellini, M
Borgia, B
Boschini, M J
Bourquin, M
Brugnoni, C
Burger, J
Burger, W J
Cai, X D
Capell, M
Casaus, J
Castellini, G
Cervelli, F
Chang, Y H
Chen, G M
Chen, G R
Chen, H
Chen, H S
Chen, Y
Cheng, L
Chou, H Y
Chouridou, S
Choutko, V
Chung, C H
Clark, C
Coignet, G
Consolandi, C
Contin, A
Corti, C
Cui, Z
Dadzie, K
D'Angelo, F
Dass, A
Delgado, C
Della Torre, S
Demirköz, M B
Derome, L
Di Falco, S
Di Felice, V
Díaz, C
Dimiccoli, F
von Doetinchem, P
Dong, F
Duranti, M
Egorov, A
Eline, A
Faldi, F
Fehr, D
Feng, J
Fiandrini, E
Fisher, P
Formato, V
García-López, R J
Gargiulo, C
Gast, H
Gervasi, M
Giovacchini, F
Gómez-Coral, D M
Gong, J
Grandi, D
Graziani, M
Haino, S
Han, K C
Hashmani, R K
He, Z H
Heber, B
Hernández-Nicolás, F
Hsieh, T H
Hu, J Y
Huang, B W
Ionica, M
Incagli, M
Jia, Yi
Jinchi, H
Karagöz, G
Kirn, Th
Klipfel, A P
Kounina, O
Kounine, A
Koutsenko, V
Krasnopevtsev, D
Kuhlman, A
Kulemzin, A
La Vacca, G
Laudi, E
Laurenti, G
LaVecchia, G
Lazzizzera, I
Lee, H T
Lee, S C
Li, H L
Li, J H
Li, J Q
Li, M
Li, M
Li, Q
Li, Q
Li, Q Y
Li, S
Li, S L
Li, Z H
Liang, M J
Liao, P
Lin, C H
Lippert, T
Liu, J H
Liu, P C
Lu, S Q
Lu, Y S
Luo, J Z
Luo, Q
Luo, S D
Luo, Xi
Mañá, C
Marín, J
Marquardt, J
Martínez, G
Masi, N
Maurin, D
Medvedeva, T
Menchaca-Rocha, A
Meng, Q
Mikhailov, V V
Molero, M
Mott, P
Mussolin, L
Jozani, Y Najafi
Nicolaidis, R
Nikonov, N
Nozzoli, F
Ocampo-Peleteiro, J
Oliva, A
Orcinha, M
Palmonari, F
Paniccia, M
Pashnin, A
Pauluzzi, M
Pelosi, D
Pensotti, S
Pietzcker, P
Plyaskin, V
Poluianov, S
Pridöhl, D
Qu, Z Y
Quadrani, L
Rancoita, P G
Rapin, D
Conde, A Reina
Robyn, E
Rodríguez-García, I
Romaneehsen, L
Rossi, F
Rozhkov, A
Rozza, D
Sagdeev, R
Schael, S
von Dratzig, A Schultz
Schwering, G
Seo, E S
Shan, B S
Shukla, A
Siedenburg, T
Silvestre, G
Song, J W
Song, X J
Sonnabend, R
Strigari, L
Su, T
Sun, Q
Sun, Z T
Tabarroni, L
Tacconi, M
Tang, Z C
Tian, J
Tian, Y
Ting, Samuel C C
Ting, S M
Tomassetti, N
Torsti, J
Ubaldi, A
Urban, T
Usoskin, I
Vagelli, V
Vainio, R
Väisänen, P
Valencia-Otero, M
Valente, E
Valtonen, E
Acosta, M Vázquez
Vecchi, M
Velasco, M
Wang, C X
Wang, J C
Wang, L
Wang, L Q
Wang, N H
Wang, Q L
Wang, S
Wang, X
Wang, Z M
Wei, J
Weng, Z L
Wu, H
Wu, Y
Wu, Z B
Xiao, J N
Xiong, R Q
Xiong, X Z
Xu, W
Yan, Q
Yang, H T
Yang, Y
Yi, H
You, Y H
Yu, Y M
Yu, Z Q
Zhang, C
Zhang, F Z
Zhang, J
Zhang, J H
Zhang, Z
Zhao, P W
Zheng, C
Zheng, Z M
Zhuang, H L
Zhukov, V
Zichichi, A
Zuberi, M
Zuccon, P
American physical society
03.02.2025

Aguilar, M., Ambrosi, G., Anderson, H., Arruda, L., Attig, N., Bagwell, C., Barao, F., Barbanera, M., Barrin, L., Bartoloni, A., Battiston, R., Bayyari, A., Belyaev, N., Bertucci, B., Bindi, V., Bollweg, K., Bolster, J., Borchiellini, M., Borgia, B., … AMS Collaboration. (2025). Antiprotons and elementary particles over a solar cycle: Results from the alpha magnetic spectrometer. Physical Review Letters, 134(5), 051002. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.051002

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© 2025 American Physical Society. All rights reserved. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.
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doi:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.051002
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https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202502251825
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Abstract

We present results over an 11-year Solar cycle of cosmic antiprotons based on \(1.1×10^6\) events in the rigidity range from 1.00 to 41.9 GV. The \(\overline{p}\) fluxes exhibit distinct properties. The magnitude of the \(\overline{p}\) flux temporal variation is significantly smaller than those of \(p\), \({e}^-\), and \({e}^+\). A hysteresis between the \(\overline{p}\) fluxes and the \(p\) fluxes is observed, whereas the \(\overline{p}\) and \({e}^-\) fluxes show a linear correlation. With a model-independent analysis, we found a universal relation between the shape of the rigidity spectrum and the magnitude of flux temporal variation over an 11-year Solar cycle for both positively and negatively charged particles. The simultaneous results on \(\overline{p}\) and \(p\), \({e}^-\), and \({e}^+\) provide unique information for understanding particle transport in the Solar System as a function of mass, charge, and spectral shape.
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