Rainfall events and daily mortality across 645 global locations: two stage time series analysis
He, Cheng; Breitner-Busch, Susanne; Huber, Veronika; Chen, Kai; Zhang, Siqi; Gasparrini, Antonio; Bell, Michelle; Kan, Haidong; Royé, Dominic; Armstrong, Ben; Schwartz, Joel; Sera, Francesco; Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana Maria; Honda, Yasushi; Jaakkola, Jouni J K; Ryti, Niilo; Kyselý, Jan; Guo, Yuming; Tong, Shilu; de'Donato, Francesca; Michelozzi, Paola; Coelho, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio; Saldiva, Paulo Hilario Nascimento; Lavigne, Eric; Orru, Hans; Indermitte, Ene; Pascal, Mathilde; Goodman, Patrick; Zeka, Ariana; Kim, Yoonhee; Diaz, Magali Hurtado; Arellano, Eunice Elizabeth Félix; Overcenco, Ala; Klompmaker, Jochem; Rao, Shilpa; Palomares, Alfonso Diz-Lois; Carrasco, Gabriel; Seposo, Xerxes; Pereira da Silva, Susana das Neves; Madureira, Joana; Holobaca, Iulian-Horia; Scovronick, Noah; Acquaotta, Fiorella; Kim, Ho; Lee, Whanhee; Hashizume, Masahiro; Tobias, Aurelio; Íñiguez, Carmen; Forsberg, Bertil; Ragettli, Martina S; Guo, Yue Leon; Pan, Shih-Chun; Osorio, Samuel; Li, Shanshan; Zanobetti, Antonella; Dang, Tran Ngoc; Van Dung, Do; Schneider, Alexandra
BMJ Publishing Group
He, C., Breitner-Busch, S., Huber, V., Chen, K., Zhang, S., Gasparrini, A., Bell, M., Kan, H., Royé, D., Armstrong, B., Schwartz, J., Sera, F., Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M., Honda, Y., Jaakkola, J. J. K., Ryti, N., Kyselý, J., Guo, Y., Tong, S., … Schneider, A. (2024). Rainfall events and daily mortality across 645 global locations: Two stage time series analysis. BMJ, 387, e080944. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-080944
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
© 2024 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
© 2024 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202410116269
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202410116269
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Objective:
To examine the associations between characteristics of daily rainfall (intensity, duration, and frequency) and all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.
Design:
Two stage time series analysis.
Setting:
645 locations across 34 countries or regions.
Population:
Daily mortality data, comprising a total of 109 954 744 all cause, 31 164 161 cardiovascular, and 11 817 278 respiratory deaths from 1980 to 2020.
Main outcome measure:
Association between daily mortality and rainfall events with return periods (the expected average time between occurrences of an extreme event of a certain magnitude) of one year, two years, and five years, with a 14 day lag period. A continuous relative intensity index was used to generate intensity-response curves to estimate mortality risks at a global scale.
Results:
During the study period, a total of 50 913 rainfall events with a one year return period, 8362 events with a two year return period, and 3301 events with a five year return period were identified. A day of extreme rainfall with a five year return period was significantly associated with increased daily all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, with cumulative relative risks across 0-14 lag days of 1.08 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.11), 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08), and 1.29 (1.19 to 1.39), respectively. Rainfall events with a two year return period were associated with respiratory mortality only, whereas no significant associations were found for events with a one year return period. Non-linear analysis revealed protective effects (relative risk <1) with moderate-heavy rainfall events, shifting to adverse effects (relative risk >1) with extreme intensities. Additionally, mortality risks from extreme rainfall events appeared to be modified by climate type, baseline variability in rainfall, and vegetation coverage, whereas the moderating effects of population density and income level were not significant. Locations with lower variability of baseline rainfall or scarce vegetation coverage showed higher risks.
Conclusion:
Daily rainfall intensity is associated with varying health effects, with extreme events linked to an increasing relative risk for all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. The observed associations varied with local climate and urban infrastructure.
Objective:
To examine the associations between characteristics of daily rainfall (intensity, duration, and frequency) and all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.
Design:
Two stage time series analysis.
Setting:
645 locations across 34 countries or regions.
Population:
Daily mortality data, comprising a total of 109 954 744 all cause, 31 164 161 cardiovascular, and 11 817 278 respiratory deaths from 1980 to 2020.
Main outcome measure:
Association between daily mortality and rainfall events with return periods (the expected average time between occurrences of an extreme event of a certain magnitude) of one year, two years, and five years, with a 14 day lag period. A continuous relative intensity index was used to generate intensity-response curves to estimate mortality risks at a global scale.
Results:
During the study period, a total of 50 913 rainfall events with a one year return period, 8362 events with a two year return period, and 3301 events with a five year return period were identified. A day of extreme rainfall with a five year return period was significantly associated with increased daily all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, with cumulative relative risks across 0-14 lag days of 1.08 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.11), 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08), and 1.29 (1.19 to 1.39), respectively. Rainfall events with a two year return period were associated with respiratory mortality only, whereas no significant associations were found for events with a one year return period. Non-linear analysis revealed protective effects (relative risk <1) with moderate-heavy rainfall events, shifting to adverse effects (relative risk >1) with extreme intensities. Additionally, mortality risks from extreme rainfall events appeared to be modified by climate type, baseline variability in rainfall, and vegetation coverage, whereas the moderating effects of population density and income level were not significant. Locations with lower variability of baseline rainfall or scarce vegetation coverage showed higher risks.
Conclusion:
Daily rainfall intensity is associated with varying health effects, with extreme events linked to an increasing relative risk for all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. The observed associations varied with local climate and urban infrastructure.
Kokoelmat
- Avoin saatavuus [38618]
Ellei muuten mainita, aineiston lisenssi on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/