Prenatal maternal stress, breastfeeding and offspring ADHD symptoms
Jallow, Jandeh; Hurtig, Tuula; Kerkelä, Martta; Miettunen, Jouko; Halt, Anu-Helmi (2024-04-30)
Springer
30.04.2024
Jallow, J., Hurtig, T., Kerkelä, M. et al. Prenatal maternal stress, breastfeeding and offspring ADHD symptoms. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02451-5
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© The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202405223836
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202405223836
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that environmental factors are associated with ADHD, but results regarding prenatal maternal stress, unwanted pregnancy, breastfeeding, and ADHD in children are controversial and few prospective studies have been conducted. Using prospectively collected data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 7,910) we studied potential risk factors for ADHD symptoms at 8 and 16 years of age, including prenatal maternal stress and unwanted pregnancy, and protective factors including the duration of breastfeeding. Prenatal stress was associated with an increased risk of ADHD symptoms at the age of 16 (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.34–2.80) and an unwanted pregnancy correlated with hyperactivity symptoms in the offspring at the age of 8 (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.55–2.77). We did not find an association between prenatal maternal stress and hyperactivity symptoms in the offspring at the age of 8 (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.69–1.08) or with unwanted pregnancy and ADHD symptoms at the age of 16 (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.57–2.02). In relation to breastfeeding, over three months of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower hyperactivity symptoms in the 8-year follow-up (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46–0.92) and there was evidence of same kind of relationship concerning non-exclusive breastfeeding, but the association was not statistically significant (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.54–1.06). In 16-year follow-up, under six months of non-exclusive breastfeeding showed an association with ADHD symptoms (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.95) while exclusive breastfeeding did not (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.66–1.55). In conclusion, our findings suggest that prenatal maternal stress increases the risk of more severe forms of ADHD symptoms in the offspring and breastfeeding can protect against such symptoms at the ages of 8 and 16.
There is increasing evidence to suggest that environmental factors are associated with ADHD, but results regarding prenatal maternal stress, unwanted pregnancy, breastfeeding, and ADHD in children are controversial and few prospective studies have been conducted. Using prospectively collected data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 7,910) we studied potential risk factors for ADHD symptoms at 8 and 16 years of age, including prenatal maternal stress and unwanted pregnancy, and protective factors including the duration of breastfeeding. Prenatal stress was associated with an increased risk of ADHD symptoms at the age of 16 (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.34–2.80) and an unwanted pregnancy correlated with hyperactivity symptoms in the offspring at the age of 8 (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.55–2.77). We did not find an association between prenatal maternal stress and hyperactivity symptoms in the offspring at the age of 8 (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.69–1.08) or with unwanted pregnancy and ADHD symptoms at the age of 16 (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.57–2.02). In relation to breastfeeding, over three months of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower hyperactivity symptoms in the 8-year follow-up (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46–0.92) and there was evidence of same kind of relationship concerning non-exclusive breastfeeding, but the association was not statistically significant (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.54–1.06). In 16-year follow-up, under six months of non-exclusive breastfeeding showed an association with ADHD symptoms (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.95) while exclusive breastfeeding did not (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.66–1.55). In conclusion, our findings suggest that prenatal maternal stress increases the risk of more severe forms of ADHD symptoms in the offspring and breastfeeding can protect against such symptoms at the ages of 8 and 16.
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