Effects of Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) on Academic Performance and Educational Attainment
Seppä, Sampo; Halt, Anu-Helmi; Nordström, Tanja; Hurtig, Tuula (2023-09-01)
Springer
01.09.2023
Seppä, S., Halt, AH., Nordström, T. et al. Effects of Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) on Academic Performance and Educational Attainment. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 56, 696–703 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-023-01598-7
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© The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202405133304
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202405133304
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
The aim of this longitudinal population-based cohort study was to examine the effects of ADHD and ODD symptoms in adolescence on academic performance at age 16, and on educational attainment by the age of 32. The population studied here was the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986). The participants were classified into four groups: those with symptoms of ADHD, ODD, ADHD + ODD, and a control group. Early academic performance at the age of 16 years was based on the Joint Application Register for Secondary Education, and eventual educational attainment was derived from the registers of Statistics Finland and included information recorded up to 2018. Although symptoms of pure ODD had a negative effect on academic performance at school relative to the control group, this effect was weaker than that of pure ADHD symptoms. The ADHD + ODD group, both males and females, had the greatest deficits of all in educational attainment in adulthood and failed to progress to an institution of higher education as often as the control group. Symptoms of ODD in adolescent females predicted educational attainment in adulthood that extended no further than the compulsory comprehensive school level. The results remained statistically significant after adjustment for the educational level of the parents of the subjects, family type, and any psychiatric disorders (other than ADHD or ODD). The findings provide valuable information on the pervasive effects of co-occurring symptoms of ADHD and ODD that persist into adulthood.
The aim of this longitudinal population-based cohort study was to examine the effects of ADHD and ODD symptoms in adolescence on academic performance at age 16, and on educational attainment by the age of 32. The population studied here was the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986). The participants were classified into four groups: those with symptoms of ADHD, ODD, ADHD + ODD, and a control group. Early academic performance at the age of 16 years was based on the Joint Application Register for Secondary Education, and eventual educational attainment was derived from the registers of Statistics Finland and included information recorded up to 2018. Although symptoms of pure ODD had a negative effect on academic performance at school relative to the control group, this effect was weaker than that of pure ADHD symptoms. The ADHD + ODD group, both males and females, had the greatest deficits of all in educational attainment in adulthood and failed to progress to an institution of higher education as often as the control group. Symptoms of ODD in adolescent females predicted educational attainment in adulthood that extended no further than the compulsory comprehensive school level. The results remained statistically significant after adjustment for the educational level of the parents of the subjects, family type, and any psychiatric disorders (other than ADHD or ODD). The findings provide valuable information on the pervasive effects of co-occurring symptoms of ADHD and ODD that persist into adulthood.
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