Productivity costs of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders by friction cost and human capital methods: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966
Majuri, Tuomas; Nerg, Iiro; Huikari, Sanna; Rissanen, Ina; Jääskeläinen, Erika; Miettunen, Jouko; Korhonen, Marko (2024-03-22)
Springer
22.03.2024
Majuri, T., Nerg, I., Huikari, S. et al. Productivity costs of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders by friction cost and human capital methods: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 59, 1721–1731 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02652-y
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© The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
© The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202403272460
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202403272460
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Purpose:
Psychotic disorders are associated with substantial productivity costs; however no previous studies have compared these between schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) and other psychotic disorders (OP). The human capital method (HCM) and the friction cost method (FCM) are the two most common approaches to assess productivity costs. The HCM focuses on employees’ perspectives on the costs, whereas the FCM demonstrates employers’ perspectives. Studies comparing these methods when estimating the productivity costs of psychoses are lacking.
Methods:
Utilizing the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 with linkages to national registers, we compared the adjusted productivity costs of SSD (n = 216) and OP (n = 217). The productivity costs were estimated from ages 18 to 53 including projections to statutory retirement age using the FCM and HCM.
Results:
When estimated via the HCM, productivity losses were higher for SSD (€193,940) than for OP (€163,080). However, when assessed using the FCM, costs were significantly lower for SSD (€2,720) than for OP (€4,430). Productivity costs varied by sex and various clinical and occupational factors.
Conclusion:
This study highlights how productivity costs vary by psychosis diagnosis. These differences should be noted when planning interventions. The low FCM estimates indicate the need of interventions before or during the early phases of psychoses. From a societal perspective, interventions are needed, particularly for those with highest HCM productivity losses, such as males with SSD. Besides psychiatric services, the roles of social services, employment agencies and occupational health care should be considered when helping individuals with psychoses to working life.
Purpose:
Psychotic disorders are associated with substantial productivity costs; however no previous studies have compared these between schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) and other psychotic disorders (OP). The human capital method (HCM) and the friction cost method (FCM) are the two most common approaches to assess productivity costs. The HCM focuses on employees’ perspectives on the costs, whereas the FCM demonstrates employers’ perspectives. Studies comparing these methods when estimating the productivity costs of psychoses are lacking.
Methods:
Utilizing the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 with linkages to national registers, we compared the adjusted productivity costs of SSD (n = 216) and OP (n = 217). The productivity costs were estimated from ages 18 to 53 including projections to statutory retirement age using the FCM and HCM.
Results:
When estimated via the HCM, productivity losses were higher for SSD (€193,940) than for OP (€163,080). However, when assessed using the FCM, costs were significantly lower for SSD (€2,720) than for OP (€4,430). Productivity costs varied by sex and various clinical and occupational factors.
Conclusion:
This study highlights how productivity costs vary by psychosis diagnosis. These differences should be noted when planning interventions. The low FCM estimates indicate the need of interventions before or during the early phases of psychoses. From a societal perspective, interventions are needed, particularly for those with highest HCM productivity losses, such as males with SSD. Besides psychiatric services, the roles of social services, employment agencies and occupational health care should be considered when helping individuals with psychoses to working life.
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