Mass testing and characterization of 20-inch PMTs for JUNO
Abusleme, Angel; Adam, Thomas; Ahmad, Shakeel; Ahmed, Rizwan; Aiello, Sebastiano; Akram, Muhammad; Aleem, Abid; Alexandros, Tsagkarakis; An, Fengpeng; An, Qi; Andronico, Giuseppe; Anfimov, Nikolay; Antonelli, Vito; Antoshkina, Tatiana; Asavapibhop, Burin; de André, João Pedro Athayde Marcondes; Auguste, Didier; Bai, Weidong; Balashov, Nikita; Baldini, Wander; Barresi, Andrea; Basilico, Davide; Baussan, Eric; Bellato, Marco; Bergnoli, Antonio; Birkenfeld, Thilo; Blin, Sylvie; Blum, David; Blyth, Simon; Bolshakova, Anastasia; Bongrand, Mathieu; Bordereau, Clément; Breton, Dominique; Brigatti, Augusto; Brugnera, Riccardo; Bruno, Riccardo; Budano, Antonio; Busto, Jose; Butorov, Ilya; Cabrera, Anatael; Caccianiga, Barbara; Cai, Hao; Cai, Xiao; Cai, Yanke; Cai, Zhiyan; Callegari, Riccardo; Cammi, Antonio; Campeny, Agustin; Cao, Chuanya; Cao, Guofu; Cao, Jun; Caruso, Rossella; Cerna, Cédric; Chan, Chi; Chang, Jinfan; Chang, Yun; Chen, Guoming; Chen, Pingping; Chen, Po-An; Chen, Shaomin; Chen, Xurong; Chen, Yixue; Chen, Yu; Chen, Zhiyuan; Chen, Zikang; Cheng, Jie; Cheng, Yaping; Cheng, Yu Chin; Chetverikov, Alexey; Chiesa, Davide; Chimenti, Pietro; Chukanov, Artem; Claverie, Gérard; Clementi, Catia; Clerbaux, Barbara; Colomer Molla, Marta; Conforti Di Lorenzo, Selma; Corti, Daniele; Corso, Flavio Dal; Dalager, Olivia; De La Taille, Christophe; Deng, Zhi; Deng, Ziyan; Depnering, Wilfried; Diaz, Marco; Ding, Xuefeng; Ding, Yayun; Dirgantara, Bayu; Dmitrievsky, Sergey; Dohnal, Tadeas; Dolzhikov, Dmitry; Donchenko, Georgy; Dong, Jianmeng; Doroshkevich, Evgeny; Dracos, Marcos; Druillole, Frédéric; Du, Ran; Du, Shuxian; Dusini, Stefano; Dvorak, Martin; Enqvist, Timo; Enzmann, Heike; Fabbri, Andrea; Fan, Donghua; Fan, Lei; Fang, Jian; Fang, Wenxing; Fargetta, Marco; Fedoseev, Dmitry; Fei, Zhengyong; Feng, Li-Cheng; Feng, Qichun; Ford, Richard; Fournier, Amélie; Gan, Haonan; Gao, Feng; Garfagnini, Alberto; Gavrikov, Arsenii; Giammarchi, Marco; Giudice, Nunzio; Gonchar, Maxim; Gong, Guanghua; Gong, Hui; Gornushkin, Yuri; Göttel, Alexandre; Grassi, Marco; Gromov, Vasily; Gu, Minghao; Gu, Xiaofei; Gu, Yu; Guan, Mengyun; Guan, Yuduo; Guardone, Nunzio; Guo, Cong; Guo, Jingyuan; Guo, Wanlei; Guo, Xinheng; Guo, Yuhang; Hackspacher, Paul; Hagner, Caren; Han, Ran; Han, Yang; He, Miao; He, Wei; Heinz, Tobias; Hellmuth, Patrick; Heng, Yuekun; Herrera, Rafael; Hor, YuenKeung; Hou, Shaojing; Hsiung, Yee; Hu, Bei-Zhen; Hu, Hang; Hu, Jianrun; Hu, Jun; Hu, Shouyang; Hu, Tao; Hu, Yuxiang; Hu, Zhuojun; Huang, Guihong; Huang, Hanxiong; Huang, Kaixuan; Huang, Wenhao; Huang, Xin; Huang, Xingtao; Huang, Yongbo; Hui, Jiaqi; Huo, Lei; Huo, Wenju; Huss, Cédric; Hussain, Safeer; Ioannisian, Ara; Isocrate, Roberto; Jelmini, Beatrice; Jeria, Ignacio; Ji, Xiaolu; Jia, Huihui; Jia, Junji; Jian, Siyu; Jiang, Di; Jiang, Wei; Jiang, Xiaoshan; Jing, Xiaoping; Jollet, Cécile; Joutsenvaara, Jari; Kalousis, Leonidas; Kampmann, Philipp; Kang, Li; Karaparambil, Rebin; Kazarian, Narine; Khatun, Amina; Khosonthongkee, Khanchai; Korablev, Denis; Kouzakov, Konstantin; Krasnoperov, Alexey; Kutovskiy, Nikolay; Kuusiniemi, Pasi; Lachenmaier, Tobias; Landini, Cecilia; Leblanc, Sébastien; Lebrin, Victor; Lefevre, Frederic; Lei, Ruiting; Leitner, Rupert; Leung, Jason; Li, Daozheng; Li, Demin; Li, Fei; Li, Fule; Li, Gaosong; Li, Huiling; Li, Mengzhao; Li, Min; Li, Nan; Li, Nan; Li, Qingjiang; Li, Ruhui; Li, Rui; Li, Shanfeng; Li, Tao; Li, Teng; Li, Weidong; Li, Weiguo; Li, Xiaomei; Li, Xiaonan; Li, Xinglong; Li, Yi; Li, Yichen; Li, Yufeng; Li, Zepeng; Li, Zhaohan; Li, Zhibing; Li, Ziyuan; Li, Zonghai; Liang, Hao; Liang, Hao; Liao, Jiajun; Limphirat, Ayut; Lin, Guey-Lin; Lin, Shengxin; Lin, Tao; Ling, Jiajie; Lippi, Ivano; Liu, Fang; Liu, Haidong; Liu, Haotian; Liu, Hongbang; Liu, Hongjuan; Liu, Hongtao; Liu, Hui; Liu, Jianglai; Liu, Jinchang; Liu, Min; Liu, Qian; Liu, Qin; Liu, Runxuan; Liu, Shubin; Liu, Shulin; Liu, Xiaowei; Liu, Xiwen; Liu, Yan; Liu, Yunzhe; Lokhov, Alexey; Lombardi, Paolo; Lombardo, Claudio; Loo, Kai; Lu, Chuan; Lu, Haoqi; Lu, Jingbin; Lu, Junguang; Lu, Shuxiang; Lubsandorzhiev, Bayarto; Lubsandorzhiev, Sultim; Ludhova, Livia; Lukanov, Arslan; Luo, Daibin; Luo, Fengjiao; Luo, Guang; Luo, Shu; Luo, Wuming; Luo, Xiaojie; Lyashuk, Vladimir; Ma, Bangzheng; Ma, Bing; Ma, Qiumei; Ma, Si; Ma, Xiaoyan; Ma, Xubo; Maalmi, Jihane; Mai, Jingyu; Malyshkin, Yury; Mandujano, Roberto Carlos; Mantovani, Fabio; Manzali, Francesco; Mao, Xin; Mao, Yajun; Mari, Stefano M.; Marini, Filippo; Martellini, Cristina; Martin-Chassard, Gisele; Martini, Agnese; Mayer, Matthias; Mayilyan, Davit; Mednieks, Ints; Meng, Yue; Meregaglia, Anselmo; Meroni, Emanuela; Meyhöfer, David; Mezzetto, Mauro; Miller, Jonathan; Miramonti, Lino; Montini, Paolo; Montuschi, Michele; Müller, Axel; Nastasi, Massimiliano; Naumov, Dmitry V.; Naumova, Elena; Navas-Nicolas, Diana; Nemchenok, Igor; Nguyen Thi, Minh Thuan; Ning, Feipeng; Ning, Zhe; Nunokawa, Hiroshi; Oberauer, Lothar; Ochoa-Ricoux, Juan Pedro; Olshevskiy, Alexander; Orestano, Domizia; Ortica, Fausto; Othegraven, Rainer; Paoloni, Alessandro; Parmeggiano, Sergio; Pei, Yatian; Pelicci, Luca; Pelliccia, Nicomede; Peng, Anguo; Peng, Haiping; Peng, Yu; Peng, Zhaoyuan; Perrot, Frédéric; Petitjean, Pierre-Alexandre; Petrucci, Fabrizio; Pilarczyk, Oliver; Piñeres Rico, Luis Felipe; Popov, Artyom; Poussot, Pascal; Previtali, Ezio; Qi, Fazhi; Qi, Ming; Qian, Sen; Qian, Xiaohui; Qian, Zhen; Qiao, Hao; Qin, Zhonghua; Qiu, Shoukang; Ranucci, Gioacchino; Raper, Neill; Re, Alessandra; Rebber, Henning; Rebii, Abdel; Redchuk, Mariia; Ren, Bin; Ren, Jie; Ricci, Barbara; Rifai, Mariam; Roche, Mathieu; Rodphai, Narongkiat; Romani, Aldo; Roskovec, Bedřich; Ruan, Xichao; Rybnikov, Arseniy; Sadovsky, Andrey; Saggese, Paolo; Sanfilippo, Simone; Sangka, Anut; Sawangwit, Utane; Sawatzki, Julia; Schever, Michaela; Schwab, Cédric; Schweizer, Konstantin; Selyunin, Alexandr; Serafini, Andrea; Settanta, Giulio; Settimo, Mariangela; Shao, Zhuang; Sharov, Vladislav; Shaydurova, Arina; Shi, Jingyan; Shi, Yanan; Shutov, Vitaly; Sidorenkov, Andrey; Šimkovic, Fedor; Sirignano, Chiara; Siripak, Jaruchit; Sisti, Monica; Slupecki, Maciej; Smirnov, Mikhail; Smirnov, Oleg; Sogo-Bezerra, Thiago; Sokolov, Sergey; Songwadhana, Julanan; Soonthornthum, Boonrucksar; Sotnikov, Albert; Šrámek, Ondřej; Sreethawong, Warintorn; Stahl, Achim; Stanco, Luca; Stankevich, Konstantin; Štefánik, Dušan; Steiger, Hans; Steinmann, Jochen; Sterr, Tobias; Stock, Matthias Raphael; Strati, Virginia; Studenikin, Alexander; Su, Jun; Sun, Shifeng; Sun, Xilei; Sun, Yongjie; Sun, Yongzhao; Sun, Zhengyang; Suwonjandee, Narumon; Szelezniak, Michal; Tang, Jian; Tang, Qiang; Tang, Quan; Tang, Xiao; Theisen, Eric; Tietzsch, Alexander; Tkachev, Igor; Tmej, Tomas; Torri, Marco Danilo Claudio; Treskov, Konstantin; Triossi, Andrea; Troni, Giancarlo; Trzaska, Wladyslaw; Tuve, Cristina; Ushakov, Nikita; Vedin, Vadim; Verde, Giuseppe; Vialkov, Maxim; Viaud, Benoit; Vollbrecht, Cornelius Moritz; Volpe, Cristina; von Sturm, Katharina; Vorobel, Vit; Voronin, Dmitriy; Votano, Lucia; Walker, Pablo; Wang, Caishen; Wang, Chung-Hsiang; Wang, En; Wang, Guoli; Wang, Jian; Wang, Jun; Wang, Lu; Wang, Meifen; Wang, Meng; Wang, Meng; Wang, Ruiguang; Wang, Siguang; Wang, Wei; Wang, Wei; Wang, Wenshuai; Wang, Xi; Wang, Xiangyue; Wang, Yangfu; Wang, Yaoguang; Wang, Yi; Wang, Yi; Wang, Yifang; Wang, Yuanqing; Wang, Yuman; Wang, Zhe; Wang, Zheng; Wang, Zhimin; Wang, Zongyi; Watcharangkool, Apimook; Wei, Wei; Wei, Wei; Wei, Wenlu; Wei, Yadong; Wen, Kaile; Wen, Liangjian; Wiebusch, Christopher; Wong, Steven Chan-Fai; Wonsak, Bjoern; Wu, Diru; Wu, Qun; Wu, Zhi; Wurm, Michael; Wurtz, Jacques; Wysotzki, Christian; Xi, Yufei; Xia, Dongmei; Xiao, Xiang; Xie, Xiaochuan; Xie, Yuguang; Xie, Zhangquan; Xin, Zhao; Xing, Zhizhong; Xu, Benda; Xu, Cheng; Xu, Donglian; Xu, Fanrong; Xu, Hangkun; Xu, Jilei; Xu, Jing; Xu, Meihang; Xu, Yin; Xu, Yu; Yan, Baojun; Yan, Taylor; Yan, Wenqi; Yan, Xiongbo; Yan, Yupeng; Yang, Changgen; Yang, Chengfeng; Yang, Huan; Yang, Jie; Yang, Lei; Yang, Xiaoyu; Yang, Yifan; Yang, Yifan; Yao, Haifeng; Ye, Jiaxuan; Ye, Mei; Ye, Ziping; Yermia, Frédéric; Yin, Na; You, Zhengyun; Yu, Boxiang; Yu, Chiye; Yu, Chunxu; Yu, Hongzhao; Yu, Miao; Yu, Xianghui; Yu, Zeyuan; Yu, Zezhong; Yuan, Cenxi; Yuan, Chengzhuo; Yuan, Ying; Yuan, Zhenxiong; Yue, Baobiao; Zafar, Noman; Zavadskyi, Vitalii; Zeng, Shan; Zeng, Tingxuan; Zeng, Yuda; Zhan, Liang; Zhang, Aiqiang; Zhang, Bin; Zhang, Binting; Zhang, Feiyang; Zhang, Guoqing; Zhang, Honghao; Zhang, Jialiang; Zhang, Jiawen; Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Jin; Zhang, Jingbo; Zhang, Jinnan; Zhang, Mohan; Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Qingmin; Zhang, Shiqi; Zhang, Shu; Zhang, Tao; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhang, Xin; Zhang, Xuantong; Zhang, Xueyao; Zhang, Yinhong; Zhang, Yiyu; Zhang, Yongpeng; Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Yuanyuan; Zhang, Yumei; Zhang, Zhenyu; Zhang, Zhijian; Zhao, Fengyi; Zhao, Jie; Zhao, Rong; Zhao, Runze; Zhao, Shujun; Zheng, Dongqin; Zheng, Hua; Zheng, Yangheng; Zhong, Weirong; Zhou, Jing; Zhou, Li; Zhou, Nan; Zhou, Shun; Zhou, Tong; Zhou, Xiang; Zhu, Jiang; Zhu, Jingsen; Zhu, Kangfu; Zhu, Kejun; Zhu, Zhihang; Zhuang, Bo; Zhuang, Honglin; Zong, Liang; Zou, Jiaheng; undefined, (2022-12-24)
Springer
24.12.2022
Abusleme, A., Adam, T., Ahmad, S. et al. Mass testing and characterization of 20-inch PMTs for JUNO. Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 1168 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-11002-8
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© The Author(s) 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202402151806
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202402151806
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Main goal of the JUNO experiment is to determine the neutrino mass ordering using a 20 kt liquid-scintillator detector. Its key feature is an excellent energy resolution of at least 3% at 1 MeV, for which its instruments need to meet a certain quality and thus have to be fully characterized. More than 20,000 20-inch PMTs have been received and assessed by JUNO after a detailed testing program which began in 2017 and elapsed for about four years. Based on this mass characterization and a set of specific requirements, a good quality of all accepted PMTs could be ascertained. This paper presents the performed testing procedure with the designed testing systems as well as the statistical characteristics of all 20-inch PMTs intended to be used in the JUNO experiment, covering more than fifteen performance parameters including the photocathode uniformity. This constitutes the largest sample of 20-inch PMTs ever produced and studied in detail to date, i.e. 15,000 of the newly developed 20-inch MCP-PMTs from Northern Night Vision Technology Co. (NNVT) and 5000 of dynode PMTs from Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.(HPK).
Main goal of the JUNO experiment is to determine the neutrino mass ordering using a 20 kt liquid-scintillator detector. Its key feature is an excellent energy resolution of at least 3% at 1 MeV, for which its instruments need to meet a certain quality and thus have to be fully characterized. More than 20,000 20-inch PMTs have been received and assessed by JUNO after a detailed testing program which began in 2017 and elapsed for about four years. Based on this mass characterization and a set of specific requirements, a good quality of all accepted PMTs could be ascertained. This paper presents the performed testing procedure with the designed testing systems as well as the statistical characteristics of all 20-inch PMTs intended to be used in the JUNO experiment, covering more than fifteen performance parameters including the photocathode uniformity. This constitutes the largest sample of 20-inch PMTs ever produced and studied in detail to date, i.e. 15,000 of the newly developed 20-inch MCP-PMTs from Northern Night Vision Technology Co. (NNVT) and 5000 of dynode PMTs from Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.(HPK).
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