Broadband multi-wavelength properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

Abstract

<div lang="en" class="abs"><p class="abs_header">Abstract</p><p>In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 10⁹ <em>M</em>_☉. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87’s spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.</p></div>

<div lang="fi" class="abs"><p class="abs_header">Collaborations</p><p>The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration²³⁶</p><p>Kazunori Akiyama^21,39,40, Antxon Alberdi⁴¹, Walter Alef²⁰, Richard Anantua^18,40,42, Rebecca Azulay^20,43,44, Anne-Kathrin Baczko²⁰, David Ball⁴⁵, John Barrett³⁹, Dan Bintley⁴⁶, Bradford A. Benson^47,48, Lindy Blackburn^18,40, Raymond Blundell¹⁸, Wilfred Boland⁴⁹, Katherine L. Bouman^18,40,50, Geoffrey C. Bower⁵¹, Hope Boyce^13,14, Michael Bremer⁵², Christiaan D. Brinkerink¹¹, Roger Brissenden^18,40, Silke Britzen20, Avery E. Broderick^53,54,55, Dominique Broguiere⁵², Thomas Bronzwaer¹¹, Do-Young Byun^19,56, John E. Carlstrom^48,57,58,59, Andrew Chael^60,237, Chi-kwan Chan^45,61, Shami Chatterjee⁶², Koushik Chatterjee⁶³, Ming-Tang Chen⁵¹, Yongjun Chen (陈永军)^25,26, Paul M. Chesler⁴⁰, Ilje Cho^19,56, Pierre Christian⁶⁴, John E. Conway⁶⁵, James M. Cordes⁶², Thomas M. Crawford^48,57, Geoffrey B. Crew³⁹, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio⁶⁶, Jordy Davelaar^11,42,67, Mariafelicia De Laurentis^66,68,69, Roger Deane^70,71,72, Jessica Dempsey⁴⁶, Gregory Desvignes⁷³, Jason Dexter⁷⁴, Sheperd S. Doeleman^18,40, Ralph P. Eatough^20,75, Heino Falcke¹¹, Joseph Farah^18,40,76, Vincent L. Fish³⁹, Ed Fomalont⁷⁷, H. Alyson Ford⁷⁸, Raquel Fraga-Encinas¹¹, Per Friberg⁴⁶, Christian M. Fromm^18,40,66, Antonio Fuentes⁴¹, Peter Galison^40,79,80, Charles F. Gammie^81,82, Roberto García⁵², Olivier Gentaz⁵², Boris Georgiev^54,55, Roman Gold^53,83, José L. Gómez⁴¹, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz^84,85, Minfeng Gu (顾敏峰)^25,86, Mark Gurwell¹⁸, Michael H. Hecht³⁹, Ronald Hesper⁸⁷, Luis C. Ho (何子山)^88,89, Paul Ho³, Mareki Honma^7,8,90, Chih-Wei L. Huang³, Lei Huang (黄磊)^25,86, David H. Hughes⁸⁴, Shiro Ikeda^21,91,92,93, Makoto Inoue³, Sara Issaoun¹¹, David J. James^18,40, Buell T. Jannuzi⁴⁵, Michael Janssen²⁰, Britton Jeter^54,55, Wu Jiang (江悟)²⁵, Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales¹¹, Michael D. Johnson^18,40, Taehyun Jung^19,56, Mansour Karami^53,54, Ramesh Karuppusamy²⁰, Mark Kettenis⁹⁴, Dong-Jin Kim²⁰, Jongsoo Kim¹⁹, Junhan Kim^45,50, Jun Yi Koay³, Yutaro Kofuji^8,90, Patrick M. Koch³, Shoko Koyama³, Michael Kramer²⁰, Carsten Kramer⁵², Cheng-Yu Kuo^3,95, Tod R. Lauer⁹⁶, Aviad Levis⁵⁰, Yan-Rong Li (李彦荣)⁹⁷, Zhiyuan Li (李志远)^98,99, Michael Lindqvist⁶⁵, Rocco Lico^41,20, Greg Lindahl¹⁸, Jun Liu (刘俊)²⁰, Kuo Liu²⁰, Elisabetta Liuzzo¹⁰⁰, Wen-Ping Lo^3,101, Andrei P. Lobanov²⁰, Laurent Loinard^102,103, Colin Lonsdale³⁹, Nicholas R. MacDonald²⁰, Jirong Mao (毛基荣)^104,105,106, Nicola Marchili^20,100, Daniel P. Marrone⁴⁵, Alan P. Marscher¹⁵, Iván Martí-Vidal^43,44, Satoki Matsushita³, Lynn D. Matthews³⁹, Lia Medeiros^45,107, Karl M. Menten²⁰, Izumi Mizuno⁴⁶, Yosuke Mizuno^108,66, James M. Moran^18,40, Kotaro Moriyama^8,39, Monika Moscibrodzka¹¹, Cornelia Müller^11,20, Gibwa Musoke^11,63, Alejandro Mus Mejías^43,44, Hiroshi Nagai^7,21, Neil M. Nagar³⁴, Masanori Nakamura^3,109, Ramesh Narayan^18,40, Gopal Narayanan¹¹⁰, Iniyan Natarajan^70,72,111, Antonios Nathanail^66,112, Roberto Neri⁵², Chunchong Ni^54,55, Aristeidis Noutsos²⁰, Hiroki Okino^8,90, Héctor Olivares¹¹, Gisela N. Ortiz-León²⁰, Tomoaki Oyama⁸, Feryal Özel⁴⁵, Daniel C. M. Palumbo^18,40, Nimesh Patel¹⁸, Ue-Li Pen^{53,113,114,115}, Dominic W. Pesce^18,40, Vincent Piétu⁵², Richard Plambeck¹¹⁶, Aleksandar PopStefanija¹¹⁰, Oliver Porth^63,66, Felix M. Pötzl²⁰, Ben Prather⁸¹, Jorge A. Preciado-López⁵³, Dimitrios Psaltis⁴⁵, Hung-Yi Pu^3,53,117, Ramprasad Rao¹⁸, Mark G. Rawlings⁴⁶, Alexander W. Raymond^18,40, Luciano Rezzolla^118,119,120, Angelo Ricarte^18,40, Bart Ripperda^42,121, Freek Roelofs¹¹, Alan Rogers³⁹, Eduardo Ros²⁰, Mel Rose⁴⁵, Arash Roshanineshat⁴⁵, Helge Rottmann²⁰, Alan L. Roy²⁰, Chet Ruszczyk³⁹, Kazi L. J. Rygl¹⁰⁰, Salvador Sánchez¹²², David Sánchez-Arguelles^84,85, Tuomas Savolainen^20,123,124, F. Peter Schloerb¹¹⁰, Karl-Friedrich Schuster⁵², Lijing Shao^20,89, Zhiqiang Shen (沈志强)^25,26, Des Small⁹⁴, Bong Won Sohn^19,56,125, Jason SooHoo³⁹, He Sun (孙赫)⁵⁰, Fumie Tazaki⁸, Alexandra J. Tetarenko⁴⁶, Paul Tiede^54,55, Remo P. J. Tilanus^11,12,45,126, Michael Titus³⁹, Kenji Toma^127,128, Pablo Torne^20,122, Tyler Trent⁴⁵, Efthalia Traianou²⁰, Sascha Trippe³¹, Ilse van Bemmel⁹⁴, Huib Jan van Langevelde^94,129, Daniel R. van Rossum¹¹, Jan Wagner²⁰, Derek Ward-Thompson¹³⁰, John Wardle¹³¹, Jonathan Weintroub^18,40, Norbert Wex²⁰, Robert Wharton²⁰, Maciek Wielgus^18,40, George N. Wong⁸¹, Qingwen Wu (吴庆文)¹³², Doosoo Yoon⁶³, André Young¹¹, Ken Young¹⁸, Ziri Younsi^133,66,238, Feng Yuan (袁峰)^25,86,134, Ye-Fei Yuan (袁业飞)¹³⁵, J. Anton Zensus²⁰, Guang-Yao Zhao⁴¹, Shan-Shan Zhao²⁵</p><p>The Fermi Large Area Telescope Collaboration</p><p>G. Principe^10,32,33, M. Giroletti¹⁰, F. D’Ammando¹⁰, M. Orienti¹⁰</p><p>H.E.S.S. Collaboration</p><p>H. Abdalla⁶, R. Adam¹³⁶, F. Aharonian^137,138,139, F. Ait Benkhali¹³⁸, E. O. Angüner¹⁴⁰, C. Arcaro^6,*, C. Armand¹⁴¹, T. Armstrong¹⁴², H. Ashkar¹⁴³, M. Backes^6,144, V. Baghmanyan¹⁴⁵, V. Barbosa Martins¹⁴⁶, A. Barnacka¹⁴⁷, M. Barnard⁶, Y. Becherini¹⁴⁸, D. Berge¹⁴⁶, K. Bernlöhr¹³⁸, B. Bi¹⁴⁹, M. Böttcher⁶, C. Boisson¹⁵⁰, J. Bolmont¹⁵¹, M. de Bony de Lavergne¹⁴¹, M. Breuhaus¹³⁸, F. Brun¹⁴³, P. Brun¹⁴³, M. Bryan¹⁵², M. Büchele¹⁵³, T. Bulik¹⁵⁴, T. Bylund¹⁴⁸, S. Caroff¹⁵¹, A. Carosi¹⁴¹, S. Casanova^145,138, T. Chand⁶, A. Chen¹⁵⁵, G. Cotter¹⁴², M. Curyło¹⁵⁴, J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye¹⁴⁶, I. D. Davids¹⁴⁴, J. Davies¹⁴², C. Deil¹³⁸, J. Devin¹⁵⁶, P. deWilt¹⁵⁷, L. Dirson¹⁵⁸, A. Djannati-Ataï¹⁵⁹, A. Dmytriiev¹⁵⁰, A. Donath¹³⁸, V. Doroshenko¹⁴⁹, C. Duffy¹⁶⁰, J. Dyks¹⁶¹, K. Egberts¹⁶², F. Eichhorn¹⁵³, S. Einecke¹⁵⁷, G. Emery¹⁵¹, J.-P. Ernenwein¹⁴⁰, K. Feijen¹⁵⁷, S. Fegan¹³⁶, A. Fiasson¹⁴¹, G. Fichet de Clairfontaine¹⁵⁰, G. Fontaine¹³⁶, S. Funk¹⁵³, M. Füßling¹⁴⁶, S. Gabici¹⁵⁹, Y. A. Gallant¹⁶³, G. Giavitto¹⁴⁶, L. Giunti^143,159, D. Glawion^153,*, J. F. Glicenstein¹⁴³, D. Gottschall¹⁴⁹, M.-H. Grondin¹⁵⁶, J. Hahn¹³⁸, M. Haupt¹⁴⁶, G. Hermann¹³⁸, J. A. Hinton¹³⁸, W. Hofmann¹³⁸, C. Hoischen¹⁶², T. L. Holch¹⁶⁴, M. Holler¹⁶⁵, M. Hörbe¹⁴², D. Horns¹⁵⁸, D. Huber¹⁶⁵, M. Jamrozy¹⁴⁷, D. Jankowsky¹⁵³, F. Jankowsky¹⁶⁶, A. Jardin-Blicq¹³⁸, V. Joshi¹⁵³, I. Jung-Richardt¹⁵³, E. Kasai¹⁴⁴, M. A. Kastendieck¹⁵⁸, K. Katarzyński¹⁶⁷, U. Katz¹⁵³, D. Khangulyan¹⁶⁸, B. Khélifi¹⁵⁹, S. Klepser¹⁴⁶, W. Kluźniak¹⁶¹, Nu. Komin¹⁵⁵, R. Konno¹⁴⁶, K. Kosack¹⁴³, D. Kostunin¹⁴⁶, M. Kreter⁶, G. Lamanna¹⁴¹, A. Lemière¹⁵⁹, M. Lemoine-Goumard¹⁵⁶, J.-P. Lenain¹⁵¹, C. Levy¹⁵¹, T. Lohse¹⁶⁴, I. Lypova¹⁴⁶, J. Mackey¹³⁷, J. Majumdar¹⁴⁶, D. Malyshev¹⁴⁹, D. Malyshev¹⁵³, V. Marandon¹³⁸, P. Marchegiani¹⁵⁵, A. Marcowith¹⁶³, A. Mares¹⁵⁶, G. Martí-Devesa¹⁶⁵, R. Marx^166,138, G. Maurin¹⁴¹, P. J. Meintjes¹⁶⁹, M. Meyer¹⁵³, R. Moderski¹⁶¹, M. Mohamed¹⁶⁶, L. Mohrmann¹⁵³, A. Montanari¹⁴³, C. Moore¹⁶⁰, P. Morris¹⁴², E. Moulin¹⁴³, J. Muller¹³⁶, T. Murach¹⁴⁶, K. Nakashima¹⁵³, A. Nayerhoda¹⁴⁵, M. de Naurois¹³⁶, H. Ndiyavala⁶, F. Niederwanger¹⁶⁵, J. Niemiec¹⁴⁵, L. Oakes¹⁶⁴, P. O’Brien¹⁶⁰, H. Odaka¹⁷⁰, S. Ohm¹⁴⁶, L. Olivera-Nieto¹³⁸, E. de Ona Wilhelmi¹⁴⁶, M. Ostrowski¹⁴⁷, M. Panter¹³⁸, S. Panny¹⁶⁵, R. D. Parsons¹⁶⁴, G. Peron¹³⁸, B. Peyaud¹⁴³, Q. Piel¹⁴¹, S. Pita¹⁵⁹, V. Poireau¹⁴¹, A. Priyana Noel¹⁴⁷, D. A. Prokhorov¹⁵², H. Prokoph¹⁴⁶, G. Pühlhofer^149,*, M. Punch^148,159, A. Quirrenbach¹⁶⁶, R. Rauth¹⁶⁵, P. Reichherzer¹⁴³, A. Reimer¹⁶⁵, O. Reimer¹⁶⁵, Q. Remy¹³⁸, M. Renaud¹⁶³, F. Rieger¹³⁸, L. Rinchiuso¹⁴³, C. Romoli¹³⁸, G. Rowell¹⁵⁷, B. Rudak¹⁶¹, E. Ruiz-Velasco¹³⁸, V. Sahakian¹⁷¹, S. Sailer¹³⁸, D. A. Sanchez^141,*, A. Santangelo¹⁴⁹, M. Sasaki¹⁵³, M. Scalici¹⁴⁹, H. M. Schutte⁶, U. Schwanke¹⁶⁴, S. Schwemmer¹⁶⁶, M. Seglar-Arroyo¹⁴³, M. Senniappan¹⁴⁸, A. S. Seyffert⁶, N. Shafi¹⁵⁵, K. Shiningayamwe¹⁴⁴, R. Simoni¹⁵², A. Sinha¹⁵⁹, H. Sol¹⁵⁰, A. Specovius¹⁵³, S. Spencer¹⁴², M. Spir-Jacob¹⁵⁹, Ł. Stawarz¹⁴⁷, L. Sun¹⁵², R. Steenkamp¹⁴⁴, C. Stegmann^146,162, S. Steinmassl¹³⁸, C. Steppa¹⁶², T. Takahashi¹⁷², T. Tavernier¹⁴³, A. M. Taylor¹⁴⁶, R. Terrier¹⁵⁹, D. Tiziani¹⁵³, M. Tluczykont¹⁵⁸, L. Tomankova¹⁵³, C. Trichard¹³⁶, M. Tsirou¹⁶³, R. Tuffs¹³⁸, Y. Uchiyama¹⁶⁸, D. J. van der Walt⁶, C. van Eldik¹⁵³, C. van Rensburg⁶, B. van Soelen¹⁶⁹, G. Vasileiadis¹⁶³, J. Veh¹⁵³, C. Venter⁶, P. Vincent¹⁵¹, J. Vink¹⁵², H. J. Völk¹³⁸, T. Vuillaume¹⁴¹, Z. Wadiasingh⁶, S. J. Wagner¹⁶⁶, J. Watson¹⁴², F. Werner¹³⁸, R. White¹³⁸, A. Wierzcholska^145,166, Yu Wun Wong¹⁵³, A. Yusafzai¹⁵³, M. Zacharias^6,150, R. Zanin¹³⁸, D. Zargaryan^137,139, A. A. Zdziarski¹⁶¹, A. Zech¹⁵⁰, S. J. Zhu¹⁴⁶, J. Zorn¹³⁸, S. Zouari¹⁵⁹, N. Żywucka⁶</p><p>MAGIC Collaboration</p><p>V. A. Acciari¹⁷³, S. Ansoldi¹⁷⁴, L. A. Antonelli¹⁷⁵, A. Arbet Engels¹⁷⁶, M. Artero¹⁷⁷, K. Asano¹⁷⁸, D. Baack¹⁷⁹, A. Babić¹⁸⁰, A. Baquero¹⁸¹, U. Barres de Almeida¹⁸², J. A. Barrio¹⁸¹, J. Becerra González¹⁷³, W. Bednarek¹⁸³, L. Bellizzi¹⁸⁴, E. Bernardini¹⁸⁵, M. Bernardos¹⁸⁶, A. Berti¹⁸⁷, J. Besenrieder¹⁸⁸, W. Bhattacharyya¹⁸⁵, C. Bigongiari¹⁷⁵, A. Biland¹⁷⁶, O. Blanch¹⁷⁷, G. Bonnoli¹⁸⁴, Ž. Bošnjak¹⁸⁰, G. Busetto¹⁸⁶, R. Carosi¹⁸⁹, G. Ceribella¹⁸⁸, M. Cerruti¹⁹⁰, Y. Chai¹⁸⁸, A. Chilingarian¹⁹¹, S. Cikota¹⁸⁰, S. M. Colak¹⁷⁷, E. Colombo¹⁷³, J. L. Contreras¹⁸¹, J. Cortina¹⁹², S. Covino¹⁷⁵, G. D’Amico¹⁸⁸, V. D’Elia¹⁷⁵, P. Da Vela^189,239, F. Dazzi¹⁷⁵, A. De Angelis¹⁸⁶, B. De Lotto¹⁷⁴, M. Delfino^177,240, J. Delgado^177,240, C. Delgado Mendez¹⁹², D. Depaoli¹⁸⁷, F. Di Pierro¹⁸⁷, L. Di Venere¹⁹³, E. Do Souto Espiñeira¹⁷⁷, D. Dominis Prester¹⁹⁴, A. Donini¹⁷⁴, D. Dorner¹⁹⁵, M. Doro¹⁸⁶, D. Elsaesser¹⁷⁹, V. Fallah Ramazani¹⁹⁶, A. Fattorini¹⁷⁹, G. Ferrara¹⁷⁵, M. V. Fonseca¹⁸¹, L. Font¹⁹⁷, C. Fruck¹⁸⁸, S. Fukami¹⁷⁸, R. J. García López¹⁷³, M. Garczarczyk¹⁸⁵, S. Gasparyan¹⁹⁸, M. Gaug¹⁹⁷, N. Giglietto¹⁹³, F. Giordano¹⁹³, P. Gliwny¹⁸³, N. Godinović¹⁹⁹, J. G. Green¹⁷⁵, D. Green¹⁸⁸, D. Hadasch¹⁷⁸, A. Hahn188,†, L. Heckmann¹⁸⁸, J. Herrera¹⁷³, J. Hoang¹⁸¹, D. Hrupec²⁰⁰, M. Hütten¹⁸⁸, T. Inada¹⁷⁸, S. Inoue²⁰¹, K. Ishio¹⁸⁸, Y. Iwamura¹⁷⁸, I. Jiménez¹⁹², J. Jormanainen¹⁹⁶, L. Jouvin¹⁷⁷, Y. Kajiwara²⁰², M. Karjalainen¹⁷³, D. Kerszberg¹⁷⁷, Y. Kobayashi¹⁷⁸, H. Kubo²⁰², J. Kushida²⁰³, A. Lamastra¹⁷⁵, D. Lelas¹⁹⁹, F. Leone¹⁷⁵, E. Lindfors¹⁹⁶, S. Lombardi¹⁷⁵, F. Longo^174,241, R. López-Coto¹⁸⁶, M. López-Moya¹⁸¹, A. López-Oramas¹⁷³, S. Loporchio¹⁹³, B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga¹⁸², C. Maggio¹⁹⁷, P. Majumdar²⁰⁴, M. Makariev²⁰⁵, M. Mallamaci¹⁸⁶, G. Maneva²⁰⁵, M. Manganaro¹⁹⁴, K. Mannheim¹⁹⁵, L. Maraschi¹⁷⁵, M. Mariotti¹⁸⁶, M. Martínez¹⁷⁷, D. Mazin178,188,†, S. Menchiari¹⁸⁴, S. Mender¹⁷⁹, S. Mićanović¹⁹⁴, D. Miceli¹⁷⁴, T. Miener¹⁸¹, M. Minev²⁰⁵, J. M. Miranda¹⁸⁴, R. Mirzoyan¹⁸⁸, E. Molina¹⁹⁰, A. Moralejo¹⁷⁷, D. Morcuende¹⁸¹, V. Moreno¹⁹⁷, E. Moretti¹⁷⁷, V. Neustroev²⁰⁶, C. Nigro¹⁷⁷, K. Nilsson¹⁹⁶, K. Nishijima²⁰³, K. Noda¹⁷⁸, S. Nozaki²⁰², Y. Ohtani¹⁷⁸, T. Oka²⁰², J. Otero-Santos¹⁷³, S. Paiano¹⁷⁵, M. Palatiello¹⁷⁴, D. Paneque¹⁸⁸, R. Paoletti¹⁸⁴, J. M. Paredes¹⁹⁰, L. Pavletić¹⁹⁴, P. Peñil¹⁸¹, C. Perennes¹⁸⁶, M. Persic^174,242, P. G. Prada Moroni¹⁸⁹, E. Prandini¹⁸⁶, C. Priyadarshi¹⁷⁷, I. Puljak¹⁹⁹, W. Rhode¹⁷⁹, M. Ribó¹⁹⁰, J. Rico¹⁷⁷, C. Righi¹⁷⁵, A. Rugliancich¹⁸⁹, L. Saha¹⁸¹, N. Sahakyan¹⁹⁸, T. Saito¹⁷⁸, S. Sakurai¹⁷⁸, K. Satalecka¹⁸⁵, F. G. Saturni¹⁷⁵, B. Schleicher¹⁹⁵, K. Schmidt¹⁷⁹, T. Schweizer¹⁸⁸, J. Sitarek¹⁸³, I. Šnidarić²⁰⁷, D. Sobczynska¹⁸³, A. Spolon¹⁸⁶, A. Stamerra¹⁷⁵, D. Strom¹⁸⁸, M. Strzys¹⁷⁸, Y. Suda¹⁸⁸, T. Surić²⁰⁷, M. Takahashi¹⁷⁸, F. Tavecchio¹⁷⁵, P. Temnikov²⁰⁵, T. Terzić¹⁹⁴, M. Teshima^178,188, L. Tosti²⁰⁸, S. Truzzi¹⁸⁴, A. Tutone¹⁷⁵, S. Ubach¹⁹⁷, J. van Scherpenberg¹⁸⁸, G. Vanzo¹⁷³, M. Vazquez Acosta¹⁷³, S. Ventura¹⁸⁴, V. Verguilov²⁰⁵, C. F. Vigorito¹⁸⁷, V. Vitale²⁰⁹, I. Vovk¹⁷⁸, M. Will¹⁸⁸, C. Wunderlich¹⁸⁴, D. Zarić¹⁹⁹</p><p>VERITAS Collaboration</p><p>C.B. Adams²¹⁰, W. Benbow¹⁸, A. Brill²¹¹, M. Capasso²¹⁰, J. L. Christiansen²¹², A. J. Chromey²¹³, M. K. Daniel¹⁸, M. Errando²¹⁴, K. A Farrell²¹⁵, Q. Feng²¹⁰, J. P. Finley²¹⁶, L. Fortson²¹⁷, A. Furniss²¹⁸, A. Gent²¹⁹, C. Giuri²²⁰, T. Hassan²²⁰, O. Hervet²²¹, J. Holder²²², G. Hughes¹⁸, T. B. Humensky²¹¹, W. Jin223,‡, P. Kaaret²²⁴, M. Kertzman²²⁵, D. Kieda²²⁶, S. Kumar¹³, M. J. Lang²²⁷, M. Lundy¹³, G. Maier²²⁰, P. Moriarty²²⁷, R. Mukherjee²¹⁰, D. Nieto²²⁸, M. Nievas-Rosillo²²⁰, S. O’Brien¹³, R. A. Ong²²⁹, A. N. Otte²¹⁹, S. Patel²²⁴, K. Pfrang²²⁰, M. Pohl²³⁰, R. R. Prado²²⁰, E. Pueschel²²⁰, J. Quinn²¹⁵, K. Ragan¹³, P. T. Reynolds²³¹, D. Ribeiro²¹¹, G. T. Richards²²², E. Roache¹⁸, C. Rulten²¹⁷, J. L. Ryan²²⁹, M. Santander^223,‡, G. H. Sembroski²¹⁶, R. Shang²²⁹, A. Weinstein²¹³, D. A. Williams²²¹, T. J Williamson²²²</p><p>EAVN Collaboration</p><p>Tomoya Hirota^7,21, Lang Cui^26,232, Kotaro Niinuma²³³, Hyunwook Ro^19,125, Nobuyuki Sakai¹⁹, Satoko Sawada-Satoh²³³, Kiyoaki Wajima¹⁹, Na Wang^26,232, Xiang Liu^26,232, Yoshinori Yonekura²³⁴</p><p>¹Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</p><p>²Department of Physics, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA</p><p>³Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.</p><p>⁴Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA</p><p>⁵Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 2018120, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</p><p>⁶Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa</p><p>⁷Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan</p><p>⁸Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan</p><p>⁹525 Davey Laboratory, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA</p><p>¹⁰INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti, 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy</p><p>¹¹Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands</p><p>¹²Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands</p><p>¹³Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada</p><p>¹⁴McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada</p><p>¹⁵Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA</p><p>¹⁶Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia</p><p>¹⁷Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan</p><p>¹⁸Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</p><p>¹⁹Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea</p><p>²⁰Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany</p><p>²¹National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan</p><p>²²Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan</p><p>²³Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky per. 9, Moscow region, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia</p><p>²⁴Astro Space Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsouznaya 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia</p><p>²⁵Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China</p><p>²⁶Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China</p><p>²⁷API—Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands</p><p>²⁸GRAPPA—Gravitation and AstroParticle Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands</p><p>²⁹Physics Department, Washington University CB 1105, St Louis, MO 63130, USA</p><p>³⁰Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-141, Taipei 10617, Taiwan</p><p>³¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea</p><p>³²Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy</p><p>³³Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy</p><p>³⁴Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile</p><p>³⁵University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</p><p>³⁶Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan</p><p>³⁷Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia</p><p>³⁸Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Science, Nizhnii Arkhyz 369167, Russia</p><p>³⁹Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA</p><p>⁴⁰Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</p><p>⁴¹Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain</p><p>⁴²Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA</p><p>⁴³Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain</p><p>⁴⁴Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain</p><p>⁴⁵Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA</p><p>⁴⁶East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA</p><p>⁴⁷Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA</p><p>⁴⁸Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</p><p>⁴⁹Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands</p><p>⁵⁰California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA</p><p>⁵¹Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA</p><p>⁵²Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France</p><p>⁵³Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada</p><p>⁵⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada</p><p>⁵⁵Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada</p><p>⁵⁶University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea</p><p>⁵⁷Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</p><p>⁵⁸Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</p><p>⁵⁹Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</p><p>⁶⁰Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA</p><p>⁶¹Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA</p><p>⁶²Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA</p><p>⁶³Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</p><p>⁶⁴Physics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA</p><p>⁶⁵Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden</p><p>⁶⁶Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany</p><p>⁶⁷Department of Astronomy and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA</p><p>⁶⁸Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II,” Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy</p><p>⁶⁹INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy</p><p>⁷⁰Wits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa</p><p>⁷¹Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa</p><p>⁷²Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa</p><p>⁷³LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France</p><p>⁷⁴JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA</p><p>⁷⁵National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China</p><p>⁷⁶University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA</p><p>⁷⁷National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA</p><p>⁷⁸Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA</p><p>⁷⁹Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</p><p>⁸⁰Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</p><p>⁸¹Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA</p><p>⁸²Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA</p><p>⁸³CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark</p><p>⁸⁴Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México</p><p>⁸⁵Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, México</p><p>⁸⁶Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China</p><p>⁸⁷NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands</p><p>⁸⁸Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China</p><p>⁸⁹Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China</p><p>⁹⁰Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan</p><p>⁹¹The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan</p><p>⁹²Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan</p><p>⁹³Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan</p><p>⁹⁴Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands</p><p>⁹⁵Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Rd, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C</p><p>⁹⁶National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA</p><p>⁹⁷Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China</p><p>⁹⁸School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China</p><p>⁹⁹Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China</p><p>¹⁰⁰Italian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy</p><p>¹⁰¹Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sect.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C</p><p>¹⁰²Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58089, México</p><p>¹⁰³Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx 04510, México</p><p>¹⁰⁴Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China</p><p>¹⁰⁵Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People’s Republic of China</p><p>¹⁰⁶Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, People’s Republic of China</p><p>¹⁰⁷School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA</p><p>¹⁰⁸Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China</p><p>¹⁰⁹National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, 16-1 Uwanotai, Tamonoki, Hachinohe City, Aomori 039-1192, Japan</p><p>¹¹⁰Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA</p><p>¹¹¹South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</p><p>¹¹²Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR 15783 Zografos, Greece</p><p>¹¹³Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada</p><p>¹¹⁴Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada</p><p>¹¹⁵Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada</p><p>¹¹⁶Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA</p><p>¹¹⁷Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei 116, Taiwan, R.O.C.</p><p>¹¹⁸Institut für Theoretische Physik, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany</p><p>¹¹⁹Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Strasse 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany</p><p>¹²⁰School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland</p><p>¹²¹Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA</p><p>¹²²Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain</p><p>¹²³Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland</p><p>¹²⁴Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland</p><p>¹²⁵Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea</p><p>¹²⁶Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands</p><p>¹²⁷Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan</p><p>¹²⁸Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan</p><p>¹²⁹Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands</p><p>¹³⁰Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK</p><p>¹³¹Physics Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA</p><p>¹³²School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People’s Republic of China</p><p>¹³³Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK</p><p>¹³⁴School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China</p><p>¹³⁵Astronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China</p><p>¹³⁶Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France</p><p>¹³⁷Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland</p><p>¹³⁸Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany</p><p>¹³⁹High Energy Astrophysics Laboratory, RAU, 123 Hovsep Emin St Yerevan 0051, Armenia</p><p>¹⁴⁰Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France</p><p>¹⁴¹Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP, F-74000 Annecy, France</p><p>¹⁴²University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK</p><p>¹⁴³IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France</p><p>¹⁴⁴University of Namibia, Department of Physics, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia</p><p>¹⁴⁵Instytut Fizyki Ja̧drowej PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland</p><p>¹⁴⁶DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany</p><p>¹⁴⁷Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland</p><p>¹⁴⁸Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnaeus University, SE-351 95 Växjö, Sweden</p><p>¹⁴⁹Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany</p><p>¹⁵⁰Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-92190 Meudon, France</p><p>¹⁵¹Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, LPNHE, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France</p><p>¹⁵²GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands</p><p>¹⁵³Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany</p><p>¹⁵⁴Astronomical Observatory, The University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland</p><p>¹⁵⁵School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa</p><p>¹⁵⁶Université Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, F-33175 Gradignan, France</p><p>¹⁵⁷School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia</p><p>¹⁵⁸Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany</p><p>¹⁵⁹Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France</p><p>¹⁶⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK</p><p>¹⁶¹Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland</p><p>¹⁶²Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany</p><p>¹⁶³Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</p><p>¹⁶⁴Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany</p><p>¹⁶⁵Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria</p><p>¹⁶⁶Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany</p><p>¹⁶⁷Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland</p><p>¹⁶⁸Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan</p><p>¹⁶⁹Department of Physics, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa</p><p>¹⁷⁰Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan</p><p>¹⁷¹Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers St., 375036 Yerevan, Armenia</p><p>¹⁷²Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8583, Japan</p><p>¹⁷³Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain</p><p>¹⁷⁴Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy</p><p>¹⁷⁵National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy</p><p>¹⁷⁶ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland</p><p>¹⁷⁷Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain</p><p>¹⁷⁸Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan</p><p>¹⁷⁹Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany</p><p>¹⁸⁰Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia</p><p>¹⁸¹IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain</p><p>¹⁸²Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil</p><p>¹⁸³University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland</p><p>¹⁸⁴Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy</p><p>¹⁸⁵Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany</p><p>¹⁸⁶Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy</p><p>¹⁸⁷INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy</p><p>¹⁸⁸Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany</p><p>¹⁸⁹Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy</p><p>¹⁹⁰Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain</p><p>¹⁹¹Armenian MAGIC Group: A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, Armenia</p><p>¹⁹²Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain</p><p>¹⁹³INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy</p><p>¹⁹⁴Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia</p><p>¹⁹⁵Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany</p><p>¹⁹⁶Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland</p><p>¹⁹⁷Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain</p><p>¹⁹⁸Armenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, Armenia</p><p>¹⁹⁹Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia</p><p>²⁰⁰Croatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Physics, 31000 Osijek, Croatia</p><p>²⁰¹Japanese MAGIC Group: RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan</p><p>²⁰²Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan</p><p>²⁰³Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan</p><p>²⁰⁴Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, India</p><p>²⁰⁵Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria</p><p>²⁰⁶Finnish MAGIC Group: Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland</p><p>²⁰⁷Croatian MAGIC Group: Ruÿder Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia</p><p>²⁰⁸INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy</p><p>²⁰⁹INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy</p><p>²¹⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA</p><p>²¹¹Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA</p><p>²¹²Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 94307, USA</p><p>²¹³Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA</p><p>²¹⁴Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA</p><p>²¹⁵School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland</p><p>²¹⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA</p><p>²¹⁷School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</p><p>²¹⁸Department of Physics, California State University—East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA</p><p>²¹⁹School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA</p><p>²²⁰DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany</p><p>²²¹Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA</p><p>²²²Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA</p><p>²²³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA</p><p>²²⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA</p><p>²²⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN 46135-0037, USA</p><p>²²⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA</p><p>²²⁷School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland</p><p>²²⁸Institute of Particle and Cosmos Physics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain</p><p>²²⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</p><p>²³⁰Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany and DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany</p><p>²³¹Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland</p><p>²³²Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, People’s Republic of China</p><p>²³³Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan</p><p>²³⁴Center for Astronomy, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan</p></div>