Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Wiens, Kirsten E.; Lindstedt, Paulina A.; Blacker, Brigette F.; Johnson, Kimberly B.; Baumann, Mathew M.; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abejie, Ayenew Negesse; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou; Acharya, Dilaram; Adabi, Maryam; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adhena, Beyene Meressa; Afarideh, Mohsen; Ahmad, Sohail; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmed, Anwar E.; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed, Rushdia; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Noore; Alam, Samiah; Alamene, Genet Melak; Alanzi, Turki M.; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almasi, Ali; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amini, Saeed; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Anjomshoa, Mina; Anoushiravani, Amir; Ansari, Fereshteh; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Benny; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Arabloo, Jalal; Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin; Aremu, Olatunde; Armoon, Bahram; Arora, Amit; Aryal, Krishna K.; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Atalay, Hagos Tasew; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Athari, Seyyede Masoume; Atre, Sachin R.; Ausloos, Marcel; Awoke, Nefsu; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Azari, Samad; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Babaee, Ebrahim; Babalola, Tesleem Kayode; Badawi, Alaa; Bairwa, Mohan; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Bali, Ayele Geleto; Banach, Maciej; Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar; Barac, Aleksandra; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Basaleem, Huda; Basu, Sanjay; Bay, Vo Dinh; Bayati, Mohsen; Baye, Estifanos; Bedi, Neeraj; Beheshti, Mahya; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behzadifar, Meysam; Bekele, Bayu Begashaw; Belayneh, Yaschilal Muche; Bell, Michelle L.; Bennett, Derrick A.; Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema; Bernstein, Robert S.; Bhat, Anusha Ganapati; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa; Boufous, Soufiane; Brady, Oliver J.; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B.; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Camera, Luis Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Cano, Jorge; Car, Josip; Cardenas, Rosario; Carvalho, Felix; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castro, Franz; Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun; Chatterjee, Pranab; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chichiabellu, Tesfaye Yitna; Chin, Ken Lee; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Cormier, Natalie Maria; Costa, Vera Marisa; Culquichicon, Carlos; Daba, Matiwos Soboka; Damiani, Giovanni; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dang, Anh Kim; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Darwish, Amira Hamed; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K.; Das Gupta, Rajat; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Davey, Gail; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis, Adrian C.; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh; Demissie, Dereje Bayissa; Demissie, Getu Debalkie; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Deribe, Kebede; Desalew, Assefa; Deshpande, Aniruddha; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhillon, Preeti; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Diaz, Daniel; Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi; Djalalinia, Shirin; Doyle, Kerrie E.; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duko, Bereket; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Effiong, Andem; Eftekhari, Aziz; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; El Tantawi, Maha; Elema, Teshome Bekele; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Elkout, Hajer; Elsharkawy, Aisha; Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.; Endalamaw, Aklilu; Endalew, Daniel Adane; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Etemadi, Arash; Ezekannagha, Oluchi; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Foroutan, Masoud; Franklin, Richard Charles; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye; Gebre, Teshome; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn; Gesesew, Hailay Abrha; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghimire, Pramesh Raj; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gomes, Nelson G. M.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guido, Davide; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rajeev; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Haile, Dessalegn H.; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hamidi, Samer; Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes; Haririan, Hamidreza; Hariyani, Ninuk; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasanpoor, Edris; Hasanzadeh, Amir; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Hegazy, Mohamed I.; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Behnam; Hendrie, Delia; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; de Hidru, Hagos Degefa; Hird, Thomas R.; Hoang, Chi Linh; Rad, Enayatollah Homaie; Hoogar, Praveen; Hoseini, Mohammad; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Househ, Mowafa; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hu, Guoqing; Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Igumbor, Ehimario U.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Milena D.; Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Izadi, Neda; Jaca, Anelisa; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalali, Amir; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Jonas, Jost B.; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kahsay, Amaha; Kalani, Hamed; Kanchan, Tanuj; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, Andre; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Karki, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra; Kasaeian, Amir; Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie; Kasahun, Yawukal Chane; Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe; Kassa, Gebrehiwot G.; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Kebede, Mihiretu M.; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kelbore, Abraham Getachew; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Ketema, Daniel Bekele; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khalid, Nauman; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Junaid; Khan, Md Nuruzzaman; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Amir M.; Khater, Mona M.; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Mohammad; Khazaei, Salman; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kiadaliri, Ali; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissoon, Niranjan; Shivakumar, K. M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Kolola, Tufa; Komaki, Hamidreza; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Krishan, Kewal; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kusuma, Vivek Kumar Dian; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Lad, Sheetal D.; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lam, Felix; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lamichhane, Prabhat; Lansingh, Van Charles; Lasrado, Savita; Laxmaiah, Avula; Lee, Paul H.; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leili, Mostafa; Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Levine, Aubrey J.; Li, Shanshan; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Simin; Lodha, Rakesh; Longbottom, Joshua; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy; Prasad, D. R. Mahadeshwara; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahotra, Narayan B.; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manafi, Navid; Manda, Ana Laura; Manohar, Narendar Dawani Dawanu; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Martinez, Gabriel; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Masaka, Anthony; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mathur, Manu Raj; Mayala, Benjamin K.; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Colm; Meharie, Birhanu Geta; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehta, Kala M.; Mekonnen, Tefera Chane; Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu; Miller, Ted R.; Mini, G. K.; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Moazen, Babak; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Amjad; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammad, Yousef; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moodley, Yoshan; Moore, Catrin E.; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi-Joo, Mohammad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moraga, Paula; Morales, Linda; Velasquez, Ilais Moreno; Mosapour, Abbas; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mozaffor, Miliva; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun; Mulaw, Getahun Fentaw; Munro, Sandra B.; Muriithi, Moses K.; Murray, Christoper J. L.; Murthy, G. V. S.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Naidoo, Kovin S.; Naik, Gurudatta; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nazari, Javad; Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith; Negoi, Ionut; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nigatu, Dabere; Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nojomi, Marzieh; Nong, Vuong Minh; Norheim, Ole F.; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Motlagh, Soraya Nouraei; Oancea, Bogdan; Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olagunju, Tinuke O.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Oren, Eyal; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B.; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Mahesh, P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhale, Smita; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Paternina-Caicedo, Angel J.; Pathak, Ashish; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Deepak; Paulos, Kebreab; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Pereira, Alexandre; Perico, Norberto; Pervaiz, Aslam; Pescarini, Julia Moreira; Piroozi, Bakhtiar; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prada, Sergio I.; Prasad, Narayan; Preotescu, Liliana; Quintana, Hedley; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Shafiur; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rana, Saleem Muhammad; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rasella, Davide; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Reta, Melese Abate; Rezaei, Negar; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Ana Isabel; Rickard, Jennifer; Rios-Blancas, Maria; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roro, Elias Merdassa; Ross, Jennifer M.; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rubino, Salvatore; Saad, Anas M.; Sabde, Yogesh Damodar; Sabour, Siamak; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salam, Nasir; Salamati, Payman; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarkar, Kaushik; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sawhney, Monika; Saxena, Sonia; Schwebel, David C.; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Shabaninejad, Hosein; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S.; Shallo, Seifadin Ahmed; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, MohammadBagher; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharifi, Hamid; Shehata, Hatem Samir; Sheikh, Aziz; Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar; Shibuya, Kenji; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shifti, Desalegn Markos; Shigematsu, Mika; Il Shin, Jae; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Siabani, Soraya; Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Singh, Ambrish; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Narinder Pal; Singh, Virendra; Sisay, Malede Mequanent; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza; Sokhan, Anton; Soltani, Shahin; Somayaji, Ranjani; Soofi, Moslem; Sorrie, Muluken Bekele; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Sultana, Marufa; Sunguya, Bruno Fokas; Sykes, Bryan L.; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadesse, Degena Bahrey; Tarigan, Ingan Ukur; Tasew, Aberash Abay; Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesfay, Berhe Etsay; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Belay; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thomas, Nihal; Toma, Alemayehu; Topor-Madry, Roman; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tran, Khanh Bao; Ullah, Irfan; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Usman, Muhammad Shariq; Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi; Valdez, Pascual R.; Varughese, Santosh; Violante, Francesco S.; Vollmer, Sebastian; Hawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel W.; Waheed, Yasir; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Weaver, Marcia; Weji, Bedilu Girma; Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay; Welgan, Catherine A.; Werdecker, Andrea; Westerman, Ronny; Wiangkham, Taweewat; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolde, Haileab Fekadu; Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu; Wonde, Tewodros Eshete; Worku, Getasew Taddesse; Wu, Ai-Min; Xu, Gelin; Yadollahpour, Ali; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yamada, Tomohide; Yatsuya, Hiroshi; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo; Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A.; Yu, Chuanhua; Yusefzadeh, Hasan; Zadey, Siddhesh; Zaidi, Zoubida; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zandian, Hamed; Zepro, Nejimu Biza; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhao, Xiu-Ju George; Ziapour, Arash; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zuniga, Yves Miel H.; Hay, Simon I.; Reiner, Robert C., Jr. (2020-07-22)
 
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URL:
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8

Wiens, Kirsten E.
Lindstedt, Paulina A.
Blacker, Brigette F.
Johnson, Kimberly B.
Baumann, Mathew M.
Schaeffer, Lauren E.
Abbastabar, Hedayat
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abdelalim, Ahmed
Abdollahpour, Ibrahim
Abegaz, Kedir Hussein
Abejie, Ayenew Negesse
Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes
Abrigo, Michael R. M.
Abualhasan, Ahmed
Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou
Acharya, Dilaram
Adabi, Maryam
Adamu, Abdu A.
Adebayo, Oladimeji M.
Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji
Adekanmbi, Victor
Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.
Adhena, Beyene Meressa
Afarideh, Mohsen
Ahmad, Sohail
Ahmadi, Keivan
Ahmed, Anwar E.
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
Ahmed, Rushdia
Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie
Alahdab, Fares
Al-Aly, Ziyad
Alam, Noore
Alam, Samiah
Alamene, Genet Melak
Alanzi, Turki M.
Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth
Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir
Alijanzadeh, Mehran
Alipour, Vahid
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Almasi, Ali
Almasi-Hashiani, Amir
Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
Altirkawi, Khalid A.
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.
Amini, Saeed
Amit, Arianna Maever L.
Andrei, Catalina Liliana
Anjomshoa, Mina
Anoushiravani, Amir
Ansari, Fereshteh
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.
Antony, Benny
Antriyandarti, Ernoiz
Arabloo, Jalal
Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin
Aremu, Olatunde
Armoon, Bahram
Arora, Amit
Aryal, Krishna K.
Arzani, Afsaneh
Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran
Atalay, Hagos Tasew
Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Athari, Seyyede Masoume
Atre, Sachin R.
Ausloos, Marcel
Awoke, Nefsu
Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala
Ayano, Getinet
Ayanore, Martin Amogre
Aynalem, Yared Asmare
Azari, Samad
Azzopardi, Peter S.
Babaee, Ebrahim
Babalola, Tesleem Kayode
Badawi, Alaa
Bairwa, Mohan
Bakkannavar, Shankar M.
Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar
Bali, Ayele Geleto
Banach, Maciej
Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar
Barac, Aleksandra
Barnighausen, Till Winfried
Basaleem, Huda
Basu, Sanjay
Bay, Vo Dinh
Bayati, Mohsen
Baye, Estifanos
Bedi, Neeraj
Beheshti, Mahya
Behzadifar, Masoud
Behzadifar, Meysam
Bekele, Bayu Begashaw
Belayneh, Yaschilal Muche
Bell, Michelle L.
Bennett, Derrick A.
Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema
Bernstein, Robert S.
Bhat, Anusha Ganapati
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
Bhattarai, Suraj
Bhaumik, Soumyadeep
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
Bijani, Ali
Bikbov, Boris
Birihane, Binyam Minuye
Biswas, Raaj Kishore
Bohlouli, Somayeh
Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa
Boufous, Soufiane
Brady, Oliver J.
Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi
Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich
Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich
Britton, Gabrielle B.
Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina
Busse, Reinhard
Butt, Zahid A.
Camera, Luis Alberto
Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.
Cano, Jorge
Car, Josip
Cardenas, Rosario
Carvalho, Felix
Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.
Castro, Franz
Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun
Chatterjee, Pranab
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Chichiabellu, Tesfaye Yitna
Chin, Ken Lee
Christopher, Devasahayam J.
Chu, Dinh-Toi
Cormier, Natalie Maria
Costa, Vera Marisa
Culquichicon, Carlos
Daba, Matiwos Soboka
Damiani, Giovanni
Dandona, Lalit
Dandona, Rakhi
Dang, Anh Kim
Darwesh, Aso Mohammad
Darwish, Amira Hamed
Daryani, Ahmad
Das, Jai K.
Das Gupta, Rajat
Dash, Aditya Prasad
Davey, Gail
Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto
Davis, Adrian C.
Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil
De la Hoz, Fernando Pio
Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh
Demissie, Dereje Bayissa
Demissie, Getu Debalkie
Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam
Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam
Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar
Deribe, Kebede
Desalew, Assefa
Deshpande, Aniruddha
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
Dhillon, Preeti
Dhimal, Meghnath
Dhungana, Govinda Prasad
Diaz, Daniel
Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi
Djalalinia, Shirin
Doyle, Kerrie E.
Dubljanin, Eleonora
Duko, Bereket
Duraes, Andre Rodrigues
Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi
Edinur, Hisham Atan
Effiong, Andem
Eftekhari, Aziz
El Nahas, Nevine
El Sayed, Iman
Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed
El Tantawi, Maha
Elema, Teshome Bekele
Elhabashy, Hala Rashad
El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.
Elkout, Hajer
Elsharkawy, Aisha
Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.
Endalamaw, Aklilu
Endalew, Daniel Adane
Eskandarieh, Sharareh
Esteghamati, Alireza
Esteghamati, Sadaf
Etemadi, Arash
Ezekannagha, Oluchi
Fareed, Mohammad
Faridnia, Roghiyeh
Farzadfar, Farshad
Fazlzadeh, Mehdi
Feigin, Valery L.
Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
Fernandes, Eduarda
Filip, Irina
Fischer, Florian
Foigt, Nataliya A.
Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
Foroutan, Masoud
Franklin, Richard Charles
Fukumoto, Takeshi
Gad, Mohamed M.
Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye
Gebre, Teshome
Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork
Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn
Gesesew, Hailay Abrha
Gezae, Kebede Embaye
Ghadiri, Keyghobad
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Ghimire, Pramesh Raj
Gill, Paramjit Singh
Gill, Tiffany K.
Ginindza, Themba G.
Gomes, Nelson G. M.
Gopalani, Sameer Vali
Goulart, Alessandra C.
Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia
Grada, Ayman
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Reiner, Robert C., Jr.
Elsevier
22.07.2020

Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborator; Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17, The Lancet Global Health, Volume 8, Issue 8, 2020, Pages e1038-e1060, ISSN 2214-109X, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8

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© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8
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Abstract

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs.

Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws.

Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average.

Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers’ understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage.

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