Feasibility of mechanical extrusion to coat nanoparticles with extracellular vesicle membranes
Van Deun, Jan; Roux, Quentin; Deville, Sarah; Van Acker, Thibaut; Rappu, Pekka; Miinalainen, Ilkka; Heino, Jyrki; Vanhaecke, Frank; De Geest, Bruno G.; De Wever, Olivier; Hendrix, An (2020-07-29)
Van Deun, J.; Roux, Q.; Deville, S.; Van Acker, T.; Rappu, P.; Miinalainen, I.; Heino, J.; Vanhaecke, F.; De Geest, B.G.; De Wever, O.; Hendrix, A. Feasibility of Mechanical Extrusion to Coat Nanoparticles with Extracellular Vesicle Membranes. Cells 2020, 9, 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081797
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2020120399320
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Biomimetic functionalization to confer stealth and targeting properties to nanoparticles is a field of intense study. Extracellular vesicles (EV), sub-micron delivery vehicles for intercellular communication, have unique characteristics for drug delivery. We investigated the top-down functionalization of gold nanoparticles with extracellular vesicle membranes, including both lipids and associated membrane proteins, through mechanical extrusion. EV surface-exposed membrane proteins were confirmed to help avoid unwanted elimination by macrophages, while improving autologous uptake. EV membrane morphology, protein composition and orientation were found to be unaffected by mechanical extrusion. We implemented complementary EV characterization methods, including transmission- and immune-electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis, to verify membrane coating, size and zeta potential of the EV membrane-cloaked nanoparticles. While successful EV membrane coating of the gold nanoparticles resulted in lower macrophage uptake, low yield was found to be a significant downside of the extrusion approach. Our data incentivize more research to leverage EV membrane biomimicking as a unique drug delivery approach in the near future.
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