Identification of intracellular and extracellular metabolites in cancer cells using ¹³C hyperpolarized ultrafast laplace NMR

Abstract

<div lang="en" class="abs"><p class="abs_header">Abstract</p><p>Ultrafast Laplace NMR (UF-LNMR), which is based on the spatial encoding of multidimensional data, enables one to carry out 2D relaxation and diffusion measurements in a single scan. Besides reducing the experiment time to a fraction, it significantly facilitates the use of nuclear spin hyperpolarization to boost experimental sensitivity, because the time-consuming polarization step does not need to be repeated. Here we demonstrate the usability of hyperpolarized UF-LNMR in the context of cell metabolism, by investigating the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the cultures of mouse 4T1 cancer cells. We show that ¹³C ultrafast diffusion–<em>T</em>₂ relaxation correlation measurements, with the sensitivity enhanced by several orders of magnitude by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP), allows the determination of the extra- vs intracellular location of metabolites because of their significantly different values of diffusion coefficients and <em>T</em>₂ relaxation times. Under the current conditions, pyruvate was located predominantly in the extracellular pool, while lactate remained primarily intracellular. Contrary to the small flip angle diffusion methods reported in the literature, the UF-LNMR method does not require several scans with varying gradient strength, and it provides a combined diffusion and <em>T</em>₂ contrast. Furthermore, the ultrafast concept can be extended to various other multidimensional LNMR experiments, which will provide detailed information about the dynamics and exchange processes of cell metabolites.</p></div>