Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa
Zamora, Juan Carlos; Svensson, Mans; Kirschner, Roland; Olariaga, Ibai; Ryman, Svengunnar; Alberto Parra, Luis; Geml, Jozsef; Rosling, Anna; Adamcik, Slavomir; Ahti, Teuvo; Aime, M. Catherine; Ainsworth, A. Martyn; Albert, Laszlo; Alberto, Edgardo; Garcia, Alberto Altes; Ageev, Dmitry; Agerer, Reinhard; Aguirre-Hudson, Begona; Ammirati, Joe; Andersson, Harry; Angelini, Claudio; Antonin, Vladimir; Aoki, Takayuki; Aptroot, Andre; Argaud, Didier; Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello; Aronsen, Arne; Arup, Ulf; Asgari, Bita; Assyov, Boris; Atienza, Violeta; Bandini, Ditte; Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis; Baral, Hans-Otto; Baroni, Tim; Barreto, Robert Weingart; Baker, Henry; Bell, Ann; Bellanger, Jean-Michel; Bellu, Francesco; Bemmann, Martin; Bendiksby, Mika; Bendiksen, Egil; Bendiksen, Katriina; Benedek, Lajos; Beresova-Guttova, Anna; Berger, Franz; Berndt, Reinhard; Bernicchia, Annarosa; Biketova, Alona Yu; Bizio, Enrico; Bjork, Curtis; Boekhout, Teun; Boertmann, David; Bohning, Tanja; Boittin, Florent; Boluda, Carlos G.; Boomsluiter, Menno W.; Borovicka, Jan; Brandrud, Tor Erik; Braun, Uwe; Brodo, Irwin; Bulyonkova, Tatiana; Burdsall, Harold H., Jr.; Buyck, Bart; Burgaz, Ana Rosa; Calatayud, Vicent; Callac, Philippe; Campo, Emanuele; Candusso, Massimo; Capoen, Brigitte; Carbo, Joaquim; Carbone, Matteo; Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F.; Castellano, Michael A.; Chen, Jie; Clerc, Philippe; Consiglio, Giovanni; Corriol, Gilles; Courtecuisse, Regis; Crespo, Ana; Cripps, Cathy; Crous, Pedro W.; da Silva, Gladstone Alves; da Silva, Meiriele; Dam, Marjo; Dam, Nico; Dammrich, Frank; Das, Kanad; Davies, Linda; De Crop, Eske; De Kesel, Andre; De Lange, Ruben; Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac; dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E.; Delgat, Lynn; Demoulin, Vincent; Desjardin, Dennis E.; Diederich, Paul; Dima, Balint; Dios, Maria Martha; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Douanla-Meli, Clovis; Douglas, Brian; Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo; Dyer, Paul S.; Eberhardt, Ursula; Ertz, Damien; Esteve-Raventos, Fernando; Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo; Evenson, Vera; Eyssartier, Guillaume; Farkas, Edit; Favre, Alain; Fedosova, Anna G.; Filippa, Mario; Finy, Peter; Flakus, Adam; Fos, Simon; Fournier, Jacques; Fraiture, Andre; Franchi, Paolo; Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco; Friebes, Gernot; Frisch, Andreas; Fryday, Alan; Furci, Giuliana; Marquez, Ricardo Galan; Garbelotto, Matteo; Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria; Otalora, Monica A. Garcia; Sanchez, Dania Garcia; Gardiennet, Alain; Garnica, Sigisfredo; Benavent, Isaac Garrido; Gates, Genevieve; Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima; Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh; Gibertoni, Tatiana B.; Grebenc, Tine; Greilhuber, Irmgard; Grishkan, Bella; Groenewald, Johannes Z.; Grube, Martin; Gruhn, Gerald; Gueidan, Cecile; Gulden, Gro; Gusmao, Luis F. P.; Hafellner, Josef; Hairaud, Michel; Halama, Marek; Hallenberg, Nils; Halling, Roy E.; Hansen, Karen; Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob; Helleman, Stip; Henriot, Alain; Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita; Herve, Raphael; Hobart, Caroline; Hoffmeister, Mascha; Hoiland, Klaus; Holec, Jan; Holien, Hakon; Hughes, Karen; Hubka, Vit; Huhtinen, Seppo; Ivancevic, Boris; Jagers, Marian; Jaklitsch, Walter; Jansen, AnnaElise; Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard; Jeppson, Mikael; Johnston, Peter; Jorgensen, Per Magnus; Karnefelt, Ingvar; Kalinina, Liudmila B.; Kantvilas, Gintaras; Karadelev, Mitko; Kasuya, Taiga; Kautmanova, Ivona; Kerrigan, Richard W.; Kirchmair, Martin; Kiyashko, Anna; Knapp, Daniel G.; Knudsen, Henning; Knudsen, Kerry; Knutsson, Tommy; Kolarik, Miroslav; Koljalg, Urmas; Kosuthova, Alica; Koszka, Attila; Kotiranta, Heikki; Kotkova, Vera; Koukol, Ondrej; Kout, Jiri; Kovacs, Gabor M.; Kriz, Martin; Kruys, Asa; Kudera, Viktor; Kudzma, Linas; Kuhar, Francisco; Kukwa, Martin; Kumar, T. K. Arun; Kunca, Vladimir; Kusan, Ivana; Kuyper, Thomas W.; Lado, Carlos; Laessoe, Thomas; Laine, Patrice; Langer, Ewald; Larsson, Ellen; Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Laursen, Gary; Lechat, Christian; Lee, Serena; Lendemer, James C.; Levin, Laura; Lindemann, Uwe; Lindstrom, Hakan; Liu, Xingzhong; Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena; Llop, Esteve; Locsmandi, Csaba; Lodge, Deborah Jean; Loizides, Michael; Lokos, Laszlo; Luangsa-ard, Jennifer; Luderitz, Matthias; Lumbsch, Thorsten; Lutz, Matthias; Mahoney, Dan; Malysheva, Ekaterina; Malysheva, Vera; Manimohan, Patinjareveettil; Mann-Felix, Yasmina; Marques, Guilhermina; Martinez-Gil, Ruben; Marson, Guy; Mata, Gerardo; Matheny, P. Brandon; Mathiassen, Geir Harald; Matocec, Neven; Mayrhofer, Helmut; Mehrabi, Mehdi; Melo, Ireneia; Mesic, Armin; Methven, Andrew S.; Miettinen, Otto; Romero, Ana M. 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Zamora, J. C., Svensson, M., Kirschner, R., Olariaga, I., Ryman, S., Alberto Parra, L., Geml, J., et al. (2018). Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa. IMA FUNGUS, 9(1), 167–175.
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https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2018112148742
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Publisher’s Note
A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space.
Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A.
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László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary
Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia
Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany
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Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A.
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Jie Chen Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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Meiriele da Silva Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Frank Dämmrich The Bavarian Natural History Collections (SNSB Munich), Menzinger Strasse 71, 80638, München, Germany
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Linda Davies Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
Eske De Crop Ghent University K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Andre De Kesel Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium
Ruben De Lange Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Thomas Edison E. dela Cruz University of Santo Tomas, Espana 1008 Manila, Philippines
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Vincent Demoulin Institut de Botanique, B.22, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège I, Belgium
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Alice da Cruz Lima Gerlach Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la ville de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 15815-3538, Tehran 15819, Iran
Tatiana B. Gibertoni Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Tine Grebenc Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 100 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Irmgard Greilhuber University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
Bella Grishkan Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Aba Khoushi Ave. 199, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
Johannes Z. Groenewald Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Martin Grube Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
Gérald Gruhn Office National des Forêts, 2 Avenue de Saint-Mandé, 75570 Paris Cedex 12, France
Cécile Gueidan CSIRO — Australian National Herbarium, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Gro Gulden Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
Luis FP Gusmão Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Bairro Novo Horizonte, CEP:44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
Josef Hafellner Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
Michel Hairaud 2 Impasse des Marronniers, 79360 Poivendre de Marigny, France
Marek Halama Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, ul. H. Sienkiewicza 5, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
Nils Hallenberg University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Roy E. Halling Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A.
Karen Hansen Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Christoffer Bugge Harder Texas Tech University, Box 42122, Lubbock, Texas 79409, U.S.A.
Jacob Heilmann-Clausen Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark
Stip Helleman Sweelinck 78, 5831KT Boxmeer, The Netherlands
Alain Henriot Mycological Society of France, 20 rue Rottembourg, 12th arrondissement, Paris, France
Margarita Hernandez-Restrepo Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Raphaël Herve 24 rue des Fougères, 86550 Mignaloux-Beauvoir, France
Caroline Hobart 84 Stafford Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S2 2SF, United Kingdom
Mascha Hoffmeister Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
Klaus Høiland University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Jan Holec National Museum, Herbarium PRM, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic
Håkon Holien Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, NORD University, P.O. Box 2501, 7729 Steinkjer, Norway
Karen Hughes University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A.
Vit Hubka Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
Seppo Huhtinen Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
Boris Ivančević Natural History Museum, Njegoševa 51, P.O. Box 401, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Marian Jagers Reelaan 13, 7522 LR Enschede, The Netherlands
Walter Jaklitsch Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
AnnaElise Jansen Stationsstraat 10, 6701 AM Wageningen, the Netherlands
Ruvishika S. Jayawardena Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
Thomas Stjernegaard Jeppesen Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
Mikael Jeppson Lilla Håjumsgatan 4, 46135 Trollhättan, Sweden
Peter Johnston Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
Per Magnus Jørgensen University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
Ingvar Kärnefelt Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
Liudmila B. Kalinina Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Gintaras Kantvilas Tasmanian Herbarium (HO), Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, P.O. Box 5058, UTAS LP.O., Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
Mitko Karadelev Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Taiga Kasuya Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, 3 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
Ivona Kautmanová Natural History Museum, Slovak National Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia
Richard W. Kerrigan RWK Research, Kittanning, Pennsylvania 16201, U.S.A.
Martin Kirchmair Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Anna Kiyashko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Dániel G. Knapp Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Henning Knudsen Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark
Kerry Knudsen Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences at Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Tommy Knutsson Nedra Västerstad 111, 380 62 Mörbylånga, Sweden
Miroslav Kolařík Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
Urmas Kõljalg Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia
Alica Košuthová Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Attila Koszka Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary
Heikki Kotiranta Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
Vera Kotkova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Ondřej Koukol Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
Jiří Kout University of West Bohemia, Faculty of Education, Klatovska 51, 306 19 Pilsen, Czech Republic
Gábor M. Kovács Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Martin Kříž Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
Åsa Kruys Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
Viktor Kučera Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
Linas Kudzma 37 Maple Ave. Annandale, New Jersey 08801, U.S.A.
Francisco Kuhar Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
Martin Kukwa Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
T. K. Arun Kumar The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673014, India
Vladimír Kunca Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen,Slovakia
Ivana Kušan Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Thomas W. Kuyper Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
Carlos Lado Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
Thomas Læssøe Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark
Patrice Lainé 123 rue Saint Antoine, 75004, Paris, France
Ewald Langer University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
Ellen Larsson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Karl-Henrik Larsson Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
Gary Laursen Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, U.S.A.
Christian Lechat Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
Serena Lee Herbarium Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore
James C. Lendemer (1) Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A.; (2) Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, U.S.A.
Laura Levin University of Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Uwe Lindemann Landesmuseum für Naturkunde, Münster, Germany
Håkan Lindström Östansjö 150, 840 64 Kälarne, Sweden
Xingzhong Liu Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
Regulo Carlos Llarena Hernandez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Ver., Mexico
Esteve Llop Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Csaba Locsmándi Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary
Deborah Jean Lodge USDA Forest Service, NRS, P.O. Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico 00773-1377, U.S.A.
Michael Loizides P.O. Box 58499, 3734 Limassol, Cyprus
László Lőkös Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary
Jennifer Luangsa-ard National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
Matthias Lüderitz AG Geobotanik Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, c/o University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 75, 24098 Kiel, Germany
Thorsten Lumbsch Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
Matthias Lutz Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
Dan Mahoney Callaghan Innovation, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
Ekaterina Malysheva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Vera Malysheva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Patinjareveettil Manimohan University of Calicut, Kerala, 673 635, India
Yasmina Marin-Felix Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Guilhermina Marques Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Laboratory of Mycology and Soil Microbiology, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
Rubén Martínez-Gil Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France
Guy Marson Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Gerardo Mata Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
P. Brandon Matheny University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A.
Geir Harald Mathiassen Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø — The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Neven Matočec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Helmut Mayrhofer Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
Mehdi Mehrabi Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
Ireneia Melo Botanical Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Armin Mešić Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Andrew S. Methven Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia 31404, U.S.A
Otto Miettinen Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Ana M. Millanes Romero Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Andrew N. Miller Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820-6970, U.S.A.
James K. Mitchell Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A.
Roland Moberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
Pierre-Arthur Moreau Université Lille, Fac. Pharma. Lille, EA4483 IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France
Gabriel Moreno Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Olga Morozova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Asunción Morte Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
Lucia Muggia University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
Guillermo Muñoz González Avda Valvanera N.32, 5D, 26500 Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain
Leena Myllys Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
István Nagy Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
László G. Nagy Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
Maria Alice Neves Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-900, Brazil
Tuomo Niemelä Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Pier Luigi Nimis University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
Nicolas Niveiro Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina
Machiel E. Noordeloos Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
Anders Nordin Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
Sara Raouia Noumeur Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, 05000 Batna, Algeria
Yuri Novozhilov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Jorinde Nuytinck Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
Esteri Ohenoja Botanical Museum, University of Oulu, Finland
Patricia Oliveira Fiuza Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Bairro Novo Horizonte, CEP:44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
Alan Orange National Museum of Wales, Cardiff CF10 3NP, United Kingdom
Alexander Ordynets University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
Beatriz Ortiz-Santana USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, One Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, U.S.A.
Leticia Pacheco Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340 México, D. F., Mexico
Ferenc Pál-Fám Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary
Melissa Palacio Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Zdeněk Palice Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
Viktor Papp Szent Istvan University, 1118 Budapest, Menesi st. 44, Hungary
Kadri Pärtelv Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia
Julia Pawlowska Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
Aurelia Paz Urb. La Llosa, 219, 39509 Villanueva de la Peña, Mazcuerras, Cantabria, Spain
Ursula Peintner Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Shaun Pennycook Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
Olinto Liparini Pereira Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Pablo Pérez Daniëls University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
Miquel À. Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella C/ Pau Casals, 6, 1º, 1ª, 17001, Girona, Spain
Carlos Manuel Pérez del Amo C/ Luis de Ulloa, 1, 7º I, 26004 Logroño, Navarra, Spain
Sergio Pérez Gorjón Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Licenciado Mendez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
Sergio Pérez-Ortega Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
Israel Pérez-Vargas Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Sánchez s/n 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Brian A. Perry California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, U.S.A.
Jens H. Petersen Nøruplundvej 2, 8400 Ebeltoft, Denmark
Ronald H. Petersen University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A.
Donald H. Pfister Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, U.S.A.
Chayanard Phukhamsakda Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
Marcin Piątek W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
Meike Piepenbring Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Raquel Pino-Bodas Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
Juan Pablo Pinzón Esquivel Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, Apdo. Postal: 4-116 Itzimná,C.P: 97100, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
Paul Pirot Rue des Peupliers 10, 6840 Neufchâteau, Belgium
Eugene S. Popov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Orlando Popoff Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina
María Prieto Álvaro Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Christian Printzen Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Nadezhda Psurtseva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Witoon Purahong Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH — UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
Luis Quijada Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A.
Gerhard Rambold University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
Natalia A. Ramírez Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina
Huzefa Raja University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Science Building, PO Box 26170, Greensboro North Carolina 27402-6170, U.S.A.
Olivier Raspé Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium
Tania Raymundo Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico
Martina Réblová Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
Yury A. Rebriev Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chehova str., Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
Juan de Dios Reyes García Paseo Virgen de Linarejos 6 2 D, Linares, Jaen, Spain
Miguel Ángel Ribes Ripoll Avda. Pablo Neruda 120 F, 2°D, 28018 Madrid, Spain
Franck Richard CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France
Mike J. Richardson Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom
Víctor J. Rico Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Gerardo Lucio Robledo Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
Flavia Rodrigues Barbosa Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Cristina Rodriguez-Caycedo UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.
Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
Anna Ronikier W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
Luis Rubio Casas Ul. Andrieja Sacharowa 1/1, 30-806 Kraków, Poland
Katerina Rusevska Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Günter Saar Dammenmühle 7, 77933 Lahr-Sulz, Germany
Irja Saar Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia
Isabel Salcedo University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
Sergio M. Salcedo Martínez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, UANL. Ave. Pedro de Alba s/n esq. Manuel Barragán Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León, CP. 66451, Mexico
Carlos A. Salvador Montoya Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina
Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez University of Toronto, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada
J. Vladimir Sandoval-Sierra Health Science Centre, University of Tennessee, U.S.A.
Sergi Santamaria Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Despatx C1/331, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
Josiane Santana Monteiro Botany Coordination, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil
Hans Josef Schroers Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Barbara Schulz Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
Geert Schmidt-Stohn Burgstr. 25, 29553 Bienenbüttel, Germany
Trond Schumacher University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Beatrice Senn-Irlet RU Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Hana Ševčíková Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic
Oleg Shchepin Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Takashi Shirouzu Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Anton Shiryaev Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144 Ekaterinburg, 8 March str., 202/3, Russia
Klaus Siepe Geeste 133, 46342 Velen, Germany
Esteban B. Sir Fundación Miguel Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
Mohammad Sohrabi Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 33535111, Tehran, Iran
Karl Soop Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Viacheslav Spirin Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Toby Spribille University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
Marc Stadler Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
Joost Stalpers Torenlaan 43, 3742CR Baarn, The Netherlands
Soili Stenroos Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Ave Suija Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia
Stellan Sunhede Hökaskog Sandbacken 1, 533 92 Lundsbrunn, Sweden
Sten Svantesson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Sigvard Svensson Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
Tatyana Yu. Svetasheva (1) Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia; (2) Department of Technologies of Living Systems, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Lenin ave. 125, Tula, 300026, Russia
Krzysztof Świerkosz Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, ul. H. Sienkiewicza 5, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
Heidi Tamm Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia
Hatira Taskin Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey
Adrien Taudière CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France
Jan-Olof Tedebrand Sundsvall Mycological Society, Medelpad, Sweden
Raúl Tena Lahoz C/Arreñales del Portillo B 21 1°D, 44003 Teruel, Spain
Marina Temina Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Aba Khoushi Ave. 199, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
Arne Thell Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
Marco Thines Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Göran Thor Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Holger Thüs State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
Leif Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
Sanja Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
Einar Timdal Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
Zdenko Tkalčec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Tor Tønsberg University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
Gérard Trichies 5, impasse des Écoles S7700 Neufchef, France
Dagmar Triebel Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany
Andrei Tsurykau (1) F. Skorina Gomel State University, Sovetskaja Str. 104, 246019 Gomel, Belarus; (2) Institute of Natural Sciences, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia
Rodham E. Tulloss Herbarium Amanitarum Rooseveltensis, P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, U.S.A.
Veera Tuovinen University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
Miguel Ulloa Sosa Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito/Sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C. P. 04510, Mexico
Carlos Urcelay Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
François Valade 11 rue haras, le boqueteau, 91240 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France
Ricardo Valenzuela Garza Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico
Pieter van den Boom Arafura 16, 5691 JA Son, The Netherlands
Nicolas Van Vooren Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France
Aida M. Vasco-Palacios Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
Jukka Vauras Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
Juan Manuel Velasco Santos 3 C/Pontevedra, 18, 1º C, 37003 Salamanca, Spain
Else Vellinga 861 Keeler Avenue, Berkeley, California 94708, U.S.A.
Annemieke Verbeken Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
Per Vetlesen Norges Sopp- og Nyttevekstforbund, Schweigaards gate 34F, 0191 Oslo, Norway
Alfredo Vizzini University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
Hermann Voglmayr University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
Sergey Volobuev Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Wolfgang von Brackel Kirchenweg 2, 91341 Röttenbach, Germany
Elena Voronina Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia
Grit Walther Arvid-Harnack-Str. 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
Roy Watling Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom
Evi Weber Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
Mats Wedin Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Øyvind Weholt Nord University, Nesna, 8700 Nesna, Norway
Martin Westberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
Eugene Yurchenko Polessky State University, Dnyaprouskai flatylii str. 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus
Petr Zehnálek Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
Huang Zhang Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
Mikhail P. Zhurbenko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
The following institutions are also supporting the present text (institutional support means that committees from the mentioned)
Asociación Micológica Carlos Spegazzini (Argentina)
Austrian Mycological Society (Austria)
Croatian Mycological Society (Croatia)
Committee of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology (Czech Republic)
The Netherlands Mycological Society (The Netherlands)
Sociedad Española de Liquenología (Portugal/Spain)
Iberian Mycological Society (which is under constitution, Portugal/Spain)
Federación de Asociaciones Micológicas Andaluzas (FAMA) (Spain)
Asociación Botánica y Micológica de Jaén (Spain)
Asociación Micológica Hispalense Muscaria (Spain)
Societat Micològica Valenciana (Spain)
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